GAT B Syllabus 2026: Complete Subject-wise Syllabus For Section A & B

Biology

• Diversity in Living World

• Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Cell Structure and Function

• Plant Physiology

• Human Physiology

• Reproduction

• Genetics and Evolution

• Biology and Human Welfare

• Biotechnology and Its Applications

• Ecology and environment

Chemistry

• Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

• Structure of Atom

• Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

• Thermodynamics

• Equilibrium

• Redox Reactions

• Hydrogen

• s- Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

• Some p-Block Elements

• Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

• Hydrocarbons

• Environmental Chemistry

• Solid State

• Solutions

• Electrochemistry

• Chemical Kinetics

• Surface Chemistry

• General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

• p-Block Elements

• d and f Block Elements

• Coordination Compounds

• Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

• Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

• Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

• Biomolecule

• Polymers

• Chemistry in Everyday Life

Mathematics

• Sets and Functions

• Algebra

• Coordinate Geometry

• Calculus

• Mathematical Reasoning

• Statistics and Probability

• Relations and Functions

• Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

Physics

• Physical World and Measurement

• Kinematics

• Laws of Motion

• Work, Energy and Power

• Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

• Gravitation

• Properties of Bulk Matter

• Thermodynamics

• Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

• Oscillations and Waves

• Electrostatics

• Current Electricity

• Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

• Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Electromagnetic Waves

• Optics

• Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Atoms and Nuclei

• Electronic Devices

• Communication Systems

Unit I

Biomolecules: Structure and functions; biological membranes, structure, action potential and transport processes; enzymes-classification, kinetics, and mechanism of action; basic concepts and designs of metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids)Photosynthesis, respiration, and electron transport chain; bioenergetics

Unit II

Viruses: Structure and classification; microbial classification and diversity (bacterial, algal, and fungal); methods in microbiology; microbial growth and nutrition; aerobic and anaerobic respiration; nitrogen fixationMicrobial diseases and host-pathogen interaction

Unit III

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell: structureCell cycle and cell growth control; cell-cell communication, cell signaling and signal transduction

Unit IV

Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes: Mutations and mutagenesis; nucleic acid replication, transcription, translation, and their regulatory mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; gene interaction; complementation; linkage, recombination and chromosome mappingExtra chromosomal inheritance; microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); horizontal gene transfer and transposable elements; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair; chromosomal variationMolecular basis of genetic diseases

Unit V

Principles of microscopy: Light, electron, fluorescent and confocal; centrifugation-high speed and ultra; principles of spectroscopy-UV, visible, CD, IR, FTIR, Raman, MS, NMR; principles of chromatography-ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity Principles of chromatography-GC,HPLC, FPLC; electrophoresis; microarray

Unit VI

History of immunology: Innate, humoral and cell mediated immunity; antigen; antibody structure and function; molecular basis of antibody diversity; synthesis of antibody and secretion; antigen-antibody reaction; complement; primary and secondary lymphoid organB and T cells and macrophages; major histocompatibility complex (MHC); antigen processing and presentation; polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; regulation of immune response; immune tolerance; hypersensitivity; autoimmunity; graft versus host reaction

Unit VII

Major bioinformatics resources and search tools: Sequence and structure databases; sequence analysis (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoring matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny); data mining and analytical tools for genomic and proteomic studiesMolecular dynamics and simulations (basic concepts including force fields, protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-ligand interaction)

Unit VIII

Restriction and modification enzymes: Vectors; plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; mammalian and plant expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library; gene isolation, cloning and expression; transposons and gene targetingDNA labeling; DNA sequencing; polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; southern and northern blotting; in-situ hybridization; RAPD, RFLP; site-directed mutagenesis; gene transfer technologies; gene therapy

Unit IX

TotipotencyRegeneration of plants; plant growth regulators and elicitors; tissue culture and cell suspension culture system: Methodology, kinetics of growth and, nutrient optimization; production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension culturesHairy root culture; transgenic plants; plant products of industrial importance

Unit X

Animal cell culture: Media composition and growth conditions; animal cell and tissue preservation; anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; kinetics of cell growth; micro and macrocarrier culture; hybridoma technology; stem cell technology; animal cloningTransgenic animals

Unit XI

Chemical engineering principles applied to biological system: Principle of reactor design, ideal and non-ideal multiphase bioreactors, mass and heat transfer; Rheology of fermentation fluids, aeration and agitation; media formulation and optimization; kinetics of microbial growthSubstrate utilization and product formation; sterilization of air and media; batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; instrumentation control and optimizationUnit operations in solid-liquid separation and liquid-liquid extraction; process scale-up, economics and feasibility analysis

Unit XII

Engineering principle of bioprocessing: Upstream production and downstream; bioprocess design and development from lab to industrial scale; microbial, animal and plant cell culture platforms; production of biomass and primary/ secondary metabolites; biofuels, bioplastics, industrial enzymesAntibiotics; large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins; industrial application of chromatographic and membrane based bioseparation methods; immobilization of biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) for bioconversion processesBioremediation-aerobic and anaerobic processes for stabilization of solid/ liquid wastes

Unit XIII

Tissue culture and its application, micropropagation: Meristem culture and production of virus-free plantsAnther and microspore cultureEmbryo and ovary cultureProtoplast isolationProtoplast fusion-somatic hybrids, cybridsSomaclonesSynthetic seedsIn vitro germplasm conservationCryopreservationOrganelle DNA, satellite-and repetitive DNAsDNA repairRegulation of gene expression Recombinant DNA technology-cloning vectors, restriction enzymes, gene cloningMethods of gene transfer in plantsAchievements and recent developments of genetic engineering in agricultureDevelopment of transgenics for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, bioethics, terminator technology, nanotechnology, DNA fingerprinting, gene silencing