CPGET 2025: Exam Dates, Application Form, Eligibility, Pattern, Syllabus

English: Unit 01

English: Unit 02

• Antonyms-synonyms-one-word substitutes-words often confused-idiomatic expressions

English: Unit 03

• Tenses-propositions-concord-auxiliary verbs-active passive voice

English: Unit 04

• Identify the error-identify the correct sentence

English: Unit 05

• Jumbled words to be arranged in the right order to form a sentence-paragraph sequencing

English: Unit 06

English: Unit 07

English: Unit 08

English: Unit 09

English: Unit 10

English: Unit 11

English: Unit 12

Hindi: Unit 01

• Utsaah-Ram Chandra Shukla
• Charitra Sangathan-Babu Gulaab Raai
• Baazaar Darshan-Jainendra Kumar
• Bhaabhi-Mahadevi Varma
• Bharat Mein Sanskriti Sangam-Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’
• Raashtra kaa swaroop-Vasudev Sharan Agrawal

Hindi: Unit 02

• Sadgati-Premchand
• Chhotaa Jaadoogar-Jai Shankar Prasad
• Sach Kaa Saudaa-Sudarshan
• Praayashchitt-Bagwati Charan Varma
• Pardaa-Yashpaal
• Chief Ki Daawat-Bheeshma Saahani
• Dipty collectori-Amarkant
• Gadal-Raangeya Raaghav
• Hansoo yaa roun-Vinayak Rao Vidyaalankar
• Waapasi-Usha Priyamwadaa
• Sevaa-Mamataa Kaaliyaa
• Siliyaa-Susheelaa Takbhore

Hindi: Unit 03

• Rewriting of sentences as directed based on gender, number tense, case & voice
• Correction of sentences
• Usages of words into sentences
• Official hindi, administrative terminology (prashaasnik shabdaavali) official designations (padnaam)-(a) translation of hindi words into english, (b) translation of english words into hindi
• Sandhi Vichched
• Antonyms (vilomshabd)
• Letter writing: Personal letters, official letters, letter of complaints, application for appointment

Hindi: Unit 04

• Dharati Kaa swarg-Vishnu Prabhakar
• Taayee-Vishwambharnath Sharma ‘Kaushik’
• Ande ke chhilake-Mohan Rakesh
• Rajneeti kaa bantwaaraa-Harishankar Parsaai
• Swami Vivekananda-Vamshidhar Vidyaalankar
• Paryaavaran aur hum-Rajeev Garg

Hindi: Unit 05

• Kabeer Das-Kabeer ke dohe
• Soor Das-Baa leela
• Tulasi Das-Tulasi das ke dohe
• Maithilisharan Gupt-navayuvakon se
• Ayodhya singh upadhyaya ’harioudh’-phool Aur kaanta
• Jai Shankar Prasad-bharat
• Sumitranandan Pant-jeewan ka adhikar
• Subhadra Kumari Chauhan-mera nayaa bachpan
• Meera Bai-Meera ke pad
• Raheem-Raheem ke dohe
• Bihaari-Bihaari ke dohe
• Soorya Kant Tripati ‘Nirala’-Bhagwan Budh ke prati
• Mahadevi Varma-Ve muskaate phool nahin
• Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar;-Kalam aur talwaat
• Harivansh Rai Bachchan-to kyon baith gayaa hai path par
• Agyeya-anubhav paripakva

Hindi: Unit 06

• Aadi kaal: Naamkaran, paristhitiyaan, pravrittiyaan
• Bhakti kaal: Naamkaran, paristhitiyaan, pravrittiyan
• Shringaar kaal: Naamkaran, paristhitiyaan, pravrittiyaan
• Andhunik kaal: (a) Bhartendu yug, dwivedi yug, chchyaawaad, pragatiwaad, prayogwaad, (b) hindi gadya kaa vikaas, hindi kahaani, upanyaas Aur naatak

Hindi: Unit 07

• Chand Bardall
• Kabeer Das
• Soor Das
• Tulasi Das
• Jai Shankar Prasad
• Sumitranandan Pant
• Bharatendu Harishchandra
• Maithilisharan Gupt
• Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’

Hindi: Unit 08

• Sahitya Aur sammaj
• Vidyaarthi Aur rajneeti
• Vigyaan: Vardaan yaa abhishaap
• Samaaj mein naari kaaa sthaan
• Adhunik shikshaa aur naari
• Shikshaa par bhoomandalikaran kaa prabhaaav
• Jeewan mein swachchataa kaa mahatva

Hindi: Unit 09

• Meera Bai
• Raheem
• Bihari
• Mahaveer Prasad Dwivedi
• Premchand
• Nirala
• Mahadevi Varma
• Harivansh Rai Bachchan
• Agyeya

Hindi: Unit 10

• Vidyaarthi aur anushaasan
• Aaj ki shiksha neeti
• Bharat mein berozgaari ki samasyaaa
• Paryaanvaran aur pradooshan
• Bharat mein badhati huyi jan sankhyaa
• Bharatiya sanskriti

Hindi: Unit 11

• Rajbasha
• Rastrabhasha
• Sampark bhasha
• Prayojan moolak hindi
• Vishava me hindi ka mahatva

Hindi: Unit 12

• Kavita
• Kahani
• Upanyas
• Natak
• Ekanki
• Nibandh
• Atmakatha
• Sansmaran
• Rekha-chitra
• Vyang
• Anya vidhaye

Hindi: Unit 13

• Jansanchar ka arth avam paribhashaye evam swaroop
• Jan sanchar ka mahatwa
• Jansanchar ke prakar
• Drishya sravya mudran-(i) nava electronic jan sanchar ke madhyam, (ii) jan sanchar ke madhyamo me lok kalaye

Hindi: Unit 14

• Anuwad sabda ki vyethpathi , arth, paribhashaye evam swaroop
• Anuvad ka mahatva
• Anuvad ke prakar
• Anuvadak ke gun

Hindi: Unit 15

• Patrakarita ka arth, paribhashaye, swaroop tatha udeshya
• Patrakarita ka itihas
• Patrakarita ka mahatva
• Patrakarita ke prakar
• Pratrkaar ke gun
• Bharat ke pramookh hindi samachar patra

Hindi: Unit 16

• Hindi me striwadi sahitya
• Hindi me dalit sahitya
• Hindi me adivasi sahitya
• Hindi me alpsankhyka sahitya

Islamic studies: Unit 01

• Prophethood, revelation
• Compilation of the Qur’an
• Economic, political and ethical teachings of the Qur’an
• Hadith: Definition, compilation and types of hadith

Islamic studies: Unit 02

Islamic studies: Unit 03

• Life of the prophet and early caliphate

Islamic studies: Unit 04

Islamic studies: Unit 05

• Muslim philosophy: Mutalzilities, asharites
• Sufism: Origin and development
• Sufis and Sufi orders

Linguistics: Unit 01

Linguistics: Unit 02

Linguistics: Unit 03

Linguistics: Unit 04

Linguistics: Unit 05

Linguistics: Unit 06

Linguistics: Unit 07

Linguistics: Unit 08

Linguistics: Unit 09

Linguistics: Unit 10

Philosophy: Unit 01

• Different branches of Philosophy introduction to Greek Philosophy

Philosophy: Unit 02

• Vedas, Upanishads and Bhagvad Gita

Philosophy: Unit 03

• Moral concepts-relation of ethics to religion

Philosophy: Unit 04

• knowledge and it’s sources-forms of knowledge-the uses of logic

Philosophy: Unit 05

• Problem of being and becoming sophists-Socrates and his method-Plato and his theory of ideas-Aristotle and his theory of causation

Philosophy: Unit 06

• Rationalism of Descartes, Spinoze and Leibnitz
• Empiricism of Locke, Berkeley and Hume
• Synthesis of rationalism and empiricism in Kant

Philosophy: Unit 07

• Marxian approach to history
• Existentialism and pragmatism

Philosophy: Unit 08

• Sankhya and yoga school of thought

Philosophy: Unit 09

• Mimamas and vedanta school of Philosophy

Philosophy: Unit 10

• Ashrama Dharmas-doctrine of purusharthas

Philosophy: Unit 11

• Concept of Ahimsa and Satyagraha-Philosophical thoughts of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Theatre arts: Unit 01

• History and development of World theatre (Greek, Britain, German, France, Japan, Russian, Poland, American)

Theatre arts: Unit 02

• The history of Sanskrit theatre, major playwrights and their contribution

Theatre arts: Unit 03

• Major and marginal folk forms of A.P. with special reference to Veedhi Natakam, Burra Katha, Oggu katha and puppetry

Theatre arts: Unit 04

• History and development of Telugu theatre (1860 to upto date)-major playwrights, plays, associations, actors, directors and their contribution-(i) origin of Telugu theatre, ii) Padya Natakam (musical theatre)
• History and development of Telugu theatre (1860 to upto date)-major playwrights, plays, associations, actors, directors and their contribution-(iii) modern Telugu theatre and (iv) modern street theatre

Theatre arts: Unit 05

Economics: Unit 01

• Introduction: Importance of economics. Definition: Wealth, welfare, scarcity and growth. Scope and limitations. Micro and macro analysis. Approaches to economic analysis. Partial equilibrium vs. general equilibrium, comparative static and dynamic analysis
• Introduction: Positive and normative approaches
• Theory of consumer behavior: Utility analysis-cardinal utility theory, law of diminishing marginal utility, law of equi-marginal utility, consumer equilibrium. Ordinal utility theory-indifference curve analysis, consumer’s equilibrium
• Theory of consumer behavior: Price, income and substitution effects. Types of goods-normal, inferior and giffen goods. Derivation of individual demand curve and market demand curve with the help of indifference curve. Consumer surplus
• Supply and demand analysis: Law of demand, movements and shifts in demand curve. Elasticity of demand, price, income and cross elasticity. Degree of elasticity. Methods of measuring elasticity are of demand-point, arc and outlay methods
• Supply and demand analysis: Law of supply, movement and shifts in supply curves. Elasticity of supply, determinants of supply. Derivation of supply curve
• Theory of production: Concept of production. Production functions-linear and non-linear homogeneous production functions. Isoquants. Scale of production. Returns to scale. Law of variable proportions and variable returns to scale
• Theory of production: Economies of scale and scope. Limitations of production function analysis. Production surplus
• Production costs: Concepts and types-money, accounting, real, opportunity, economic, implicit and explicit, short run, long run, fixed and variable costs. Concepts of total, average and marginal costs
• Production costs: Derivation of long run average and marginal cost curves. Relationship between average and marginal costs curves in short run and long run
• Types of revenue and objectives of firm: Behavior of the firm. Concept of revenue-total revenue (TR), average revenue (AR) and marginal revenue (MR). Relationship between AR and MR and the elasticity of market demand
• Types of revenue and objectives of firm: Traditional objectives of the firm-profit maximization. Modern objectives of the firm-output/ sales/ market share maximization
• Perfect competition and monopoly: Classification of market. Perfect competition, short run and long run analysis. Equilibrium of the firm and industry. Monopoly features, equilibrium. Discriminatory pricing
• Perfect competition and monopoly: Differences between perfect competition and monopoly
• Monopolistic competition and oligopoly markets: Monopolistic competition. Product differentiation, selling costs. Oligopoly-homogeneous and heterogeneous oligopoly, price rigidity in oligopoly. Kinky demand curve
• Pricing strategies: Pricing practices-cost plus pricing, marginal cost pricing, rate of return pricing, product life pricing, price skimming, penetration pricing, markup pricing. State intervention and administered prices
• Distribution and factor pricing: Functional and personal distribution. Marginal productivity theory of distribution. Ricardo Theory of Rent and Quasi Rent. Theories of wages. Theories of profit. Risk and uncertainty. Concept of interest

Economics: Unit 02

• Introduction: Meaning, scope and limitations of macro economics. National income-concepts, methods of measurement and difficulties in estimation of national income and limitations national income as a measure of welfare. Social accounting
• Theories of output and employment: The classical theory of employment (Say's law and Pigou's wage cut policy) and criticism, Keynesian theory-effective demand, aggregate demand and aggregate supply function
• Theories of output and employment: Consumption function-factors influencing consumption function, investment multiplier its relevance in emerging economies. Concept of accelerator
• Investment & theories of interest rate: Capital and investment-types of investment, determinants of level of investment, MEC Ex-post and ExAnte investment and savings-classical, neoclassical. And Keynesian theories of interest
• Investment & theories of interest rate: Liquidity trap, simultaneous determination of interest and real income through IS-LM framework in a closed economy
• Supply of money & demand for money: Definition of money-money supply-measures of money supply (Ml, M2, M3 & M4)-RBI approach to money supply; high powered money and money multiplier; control of money supply. Variations in money supply in India
• Supply of money & demand for money: Theories of demand for money-classical and neoclassical approaches, Keynes liquidity preference approach. Derivation of LM curve
• Inflation & business cycles: Definition of inflation-causes, consequences and control of inflation-deflation and stagflation. Nature, characteristics and phases of business cycles. Samuelson's business cycle theory
• Inflation & business cycles: Stock market-meaning, functions; insurance-life insurance and general insurance

Economics: Unit 03

• Introduction: Meaning and importance of Public finance-evolution of public finance. Multiple theory of public household-public and private goods-markets mechanism in public and private goods. State as an agent of planning and development
• Public expenditure: Theories of public expenditure-Wagner's law of increasing state activities-Peacock Wisemans hypothesis-principle of maximum social advantage-growth and pattern of public expenditure, effects of public expenditure-cost benefit analysis
• Taxation & public debt: Approaches to taxation-benefit approach, ability to pay approach and neutrality approach-elasticity and buoyancy of taxation-incidence and shifting of taxation-types and classification of taxes and VAT, approaches to public debt
• Fiscal policy & federal finance: Definition of fiscal policy and its objectives; fiscal policies for redistribution of income and wealth and stabilization-fiscal policies in a developing country
• Fiscal policy & federal finance: Federal financial structure and its main features-direct taxes-income tax-corporate tax. Indirect tax structure-union excise duties, customs duties, sales tax-VAT, centre-state financial relations
• Budget: Budget-classification of budgets-economic, functional, organizational, classification of budgets-performance programming and zero based budgets-surplus
• Budget: Balanced and deficit budgets concepts of budget deficit and their implications-state and central budgets. Fiscal crisis and fiscal sector reforms in India; reports on finance commissions in India

Economics: Unit 04

• Economic development and growth: Concepts of economic growth and development. Measurement of economic development-per capita income, basic needs, physical quality of life index
• Economic development and growth: Human development index and gender empowerment measure. Role of state and market in economic development
• Factors in economic development: Factors affecting economic development-characteristics of developing countries-population and economic development-theories of demographic transition. Human resource development and economic development
• Theories of economic development: Theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx and Schumpeter
• Theories of underdevelopment: Lewis, Rodan, libenstein, Nurkse's balanced growth strategy, Hirschman's unbalanced growth strategy, Myrdal model

Economics: Unit 05

• Theories of international trade: Theories of absolute advantage, comparative advantage and opportunity costs; theorem of factor price equalization;-Heckscher-Ohlin theory of trade
• Trade and growth: Gains from trade.-trade as an engine of economic growth. Concepts of terms of trade-factors affecting terms of trade- Singer-prebisch secular deterioration of terms of trade
• Barriers to trade: Tariffs, quotas and subsidies and their effects. The optimum tariff
• Balance of payments: Concepts and components of BOP, equilibrium and disequilibria in balance of payments, types of Disequilibria. Remedial measures to control disequilibrium. Devaluation. Direction and composition of foreign trade
• Balance of payments: Export and import policies of India

History: Unit 01

• Introduction: Fall of constantinople, end of crusades, renaissance, geographical discoveries, reformation, rise of Nation states; enlightened despotism; American war of independence
• Introduction: French revolution-causes-course-constitutional assembly-National convention-directory-effects of the revolution; emergence of Napoleon bonaparte-expansion-consolidation and downfall
• Introduction: Vienna congress-concert of Europe-Metternich-revolutions of 1830-1848; the industrial revolution-its effects ; second republic in France-Napoleon III-Paris commune-the rise of III French republic; National movements-unification of Italy
• Introduction: Unification of Germany; liberalism and democracy in Britain; the eastern question-Crimean war-Berlin congress; revolution in Turkey-Balkan wars; scramble for African and Asian colonies-theories and mechanisms of imperialism
• Introduction: Power blocks in Europe-imperial rivalry-causes and system; first world war-causes and effects-treaty of versailles; Russian revolution 1917-causes and significance; world under economic crisis-great depression. Rise of fascism and nazism
• Introduction: League of nations-achievements and failures; second world war-causes, course and effects; post second world war developments-U.N.O.-cold war

History: Unit 02

• Introduction to history-influence of geography on history-survey of the sources-prehistoric period-paleolithic, mesolithic and neolithic cultures-role of technology. Indus valley civilization-its characteristic features-vedic culture
• Introduction to history-early and later vedic periods-post vedic period-emergence of Varna and Jati-rise of new religious movements-Jainism and Buddhism in 6th century B.C. impact on society and culture

History: Unit 03

• A brief survey of political conditions in ancient Indian-Magadha, Alexander’s invasion and Mauryas-Ashoka’s Dhamma, its nature and propagation-Mauryan administration, society and economy-art and architecture

History: Unit 04

• Post-Mauryan period in north India-a brief political survey of Kushans, Guptas, Pushyabhuti and Rajputs-polity and administration-social conditions-caste system-position of women-economy, Indian feudalism-art-architecture-education, literature, philosophy
• Science and technology

History: Unit 05

• A brief political survey of south India-Sangam Age-Satavahanas-Pallavas-Cholas-Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas-Kakatiyas, Vijayanagar and Bahamians-polity and administration, society, economy art, architecture and literature

History: Unit 06

• Invasions of Arabs, Ghaznavids and Ghoris and Delhi sultanate-a brief political survey of Delhi sultanate polity and administration, reforms of Allauddin and Mohd. Bin Tughlaq. Society, nobility-status of women, economics and technological developments
• Agriculture-industry-trade and commerce-urbanization, art and architecture-fine arts-education and literature

History: Unit 07

• Impact of Islam on Indian society and culture-Bhakti and Sufi movements-emergence of composite culture

History: Unit 08

• Survey of sources-establishment of Mughal empire-Sher Shah Suri-brief survey of political history up to A.D. 1707-polity and administration-society-social composition-ulema-nobility-peasantry-artisans-slaves-status of women-economy-agriculture industries
• Survey of sources-trade and commerce-economic and technological developments
• Religion-Hindu Muslim relations-composite culture
• Education, literature, art, architecture and fine arts
• Decline and disintegration of Mughal empire-rise of regional powers-Marathas and Sikhs

History: Unit 09

• Advent of European powers-Portuguese, Dutch, English and French expansion and consolidation of British empire-wars-diplomacy-policies pursued-subsidiary alliance-doctrine of lapse; economics policies and changes-mercantilism and free trade policies
• Land revenue settlements-permanent-Ryotwari-Mahalwari systems-irrigation-commercialization of agriculture-condition of peasants-famines-decline of cottage industries

History: Unit 10

• Anti-colonial upsurge-peasant and tribal revolts, revolt of 1857-causes-nature and results

History: Unit 11

• Factors for social change-Christian missionaries-western education-emergence of new middle classes-growth of press-socio-religious reforms movements-Brahma Samaj-Arya Samaj-theosophical society-Ramakrishna mission
• Aligarh movement-Jyotiba Phule-Narayana Guru, Periyar’s self-respect movement-Dr.B.R Ambedkar

History: Unit 12

• National movement-factors for the growth of nationalism-Indian national congress-three phases of freedom struggle-revolutionary movements-left wing movements-peasant and workers movements

History: Unit 13

• Emergence of communal trends-partition of India-integration of princely states into Indian union-formation of Indian republic
• Jawaharlal Nehru as first prime minister and his policies

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 01

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 02

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 03

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 04

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 05

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 06

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 07

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 08

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 09

Journalism and mass communication: Unit 10

Library & information science/ Bachelor of library & information science: Unit 01

• Newspapers & periodicals-their place of publication; books-subjects, books-authors; verbal reasoning, mental ability; and general arithmetic, quantitative ability

Library & information science/ Bachelor of library & information science: Unit 02

• Popular and technical terms in various fields-their subject and meaning; famous persons-their specialization, field of activity, awards, honours etc.
• Learned regional, national and international institutions, societies, associations-their location, activities, etc.; current affairs and events-regional, national and international (social, political, economic, etc)
• Sports and games-terms, specifications, rules and persons etc.; geographical locations, names and terms-cities, countries, rivers, mountains, parks, forests, capitals, etc.
• Inventions, discoveries, explorations, etc.; and questions relating to specific subjects-arts, social sciences & sciences (literature, economics, medicine, physics, engineering, etc.

Library science: Unit 01

• Five laws of library science; history of libraries library movement in India with special reference to library movement in telangana state-library legislation in India; library organization & associations; types of libraries
• National libraries and documentation centers; IPR, copyright act, delivery of books act, library education in India

Library science: Unit 02

• Management theory & principles; application to library & information centers; library planning-components of library & building etc.
• Human resources management-committees, authorities, planning, staffing; library governance-rules & regulating, records, statistics, annual reports; financial management & budgeting; collection management & maintenance

Library science: Unit 03

• Information sources-primary sources secondary sources and tertiary sources; types of bibliography; user needs; reference services; information services; information consolidation & repackaging services-indexing, abstracting, translation

Library science: Unit 04

• Computer and its application in libraries; computer hardware & software; library automation; resource sharing & library consortia; national networking; NICNET, ERNET, & INFLIBNET etc.

Library science: Unit 05

• Need, purpose, functions; growth & structure of knowledge; normative principles & species of classification; study of classification schemes-DDC,CC,UDC
• Principles of facet sequence & helpful sequences; postulation approach-round and levels; fundamental categories; notation-types & qualities, mnemonics & devices; phase relation and common isolates

Library science: Unit 06

• Catalogue need and purpose & functions; physical forms & inner forms; development of catalogue codes-AACR2, CCC; types of entries main entry & added entry etc.
• Economy in cataloguing-simplified, selective & union cataloging; subject cataloging-subject heading & indexing techniques types of cataloguing, bibliographic standardization-ISBD, MARC, CCF, MARC 21

Social work: Unit 01

• Nature, scope and definition of social work, goals of social work developmental/ promotion/ remedial/ameliorative
• Values of social work profession, social welfare, social services, social development and social change
• Evolution of social work in India-religious roots of charity and philanthropy: Role of traditional institutions such as joint family, caste and panchayat
• Emergence of rationalistic and humanistic traditions, concepts of social reform: Major social reform movements in India
• Fundamentals rights and duties under the indian constitution directive principles of state policy, role of social work in relation to human rights and social justice
• Professional commitment and code of conduct for social workers
• Basic psychological processes-motivation, perception, learning, adjustments, attitudes, stereo types, prejudice, etc
• Personality, stages of human developments-prenatal and postnatal stages
• Society and culture, process and socialization, agencies of socialization, social control, social deviance, social groups social inequality and social stratification, urban, rural and tribal society, social change
• Origin and development of the state role of the state in social welfare
• Relationship between economics and social work, economics of under development, role of state in planning and economic development, relationship of anthropology to social work, social and economic development programme for tribal
• Social science concepts for social work: Community development and modernization, definitions and processes, minorities-demographic and socio economic characteristics-the politics of minority status, human diversity and modern society

Social work: Unit 02

• Social group work as a method of a social work specified objectives, values and principles of social group work
• Types of groups process of group work, approaches and models in group work practice-therapeutic/ social treatment, development group and task-oriented group
• Community organization as a method of intervention and its scope: Definition and principles of community organization
• Meaning and scope of social action, social action as a technique and method of social work
• Social work research, social work research process, tools of social work research
• Introduction, scope and need to different fields i.e. family and child welfare
• Medical social work-concept of health and illness, relationship between body and mind and psychological components in tuberculosis, HIV/ AIDS and other social diseases and conditions
• Psychiatric social work, community health and health education, role of group workers in working with mentally and physically challenged
• Urban and rural community development-programmes of urban and rural community development
• Criminology and correctional administration-social legislation, role of correctional social worker in prison
• Weaker sections development, definition of weaker section, programs and services of weaker sections
• Labour welfare and personnel management

Human resource management: Unit 01

• In this subsection 5 words along with their alternative synonyms will be given
• You have to choose the correct synonyms and indicate it in the answer sheet (questions) specimen stereotyped: a) Original b) antique c) modeled d) repetitions

Human resource management: Unit 02

• In this subsection 5 words along with their alternate antonyms will be given
• You have to choose the correct meaning and indicate it in the answer sheet 5 questions-specimen magnify: a) Forgive b) comprehend C) extol d) diminish

Human resource management: Unit 03

• In this subsection 5 idioms/ phrases with their alternative meanings are be given
• You have to choose the correct meaning and indicate it in the answer sheet specimen: Hobson's Choice (5 questions)-a) Excellent choice, b) choice to live or die c) no choice at all d) first choice

Human resource management: Unit 04

• In this subsection you are required to select from the given alternative word pairs one which as a similar relationship to the key-word paid
• In all 5 questions will be given indicate the right answer in the answer sheet

Human resource management: Unit 05

• Five question will be given in this subsection which require you to complete the sentence by selecting the most appropriate given word and inserting it in blanks to make the sentence complete
• Indicate it in the answer sheet (5 questions) specimen: He was in this colorful dress uniform

Human resource management: Unit 06

• This subsection tests the knowledge in basic english grammar 5 sentence will be given
• Some sentences contain grammar usage, word choice and idiom that would be incorrect in composition, some sentences are correct
• No sentence will have more than one error
• If the sentence has an error choice the underline part that is incorrect and indicate that number in the answer sheet

Human resource management: Unit 07

• Ten multiple choice objective type questions carrying one mark each would be asked
• These cover a wide variety of social economic, political, historical scientific and technical events including games, sports and current affairs
• In winning medals in the XI asian games in beijing recently, India ranks

Human resource management: Unit 08

• Ten multiple choice objective type questions carrying one mark each would be asked
• These covered quantitative and analytical questions related to reasoning ability asked

Human resource management: Unit 09

• Organization theory and management: Specimen questions-1-The father of scientific management-(a) Henri Fayol, (b) Elton Mayo, (c) F.W. Riggs, (d) F.W. Taylor
• Industrialization in India: Specimen questions-1-as per MRTP Act a large industrial house is one whose assets exceed- (a) Rs. 35 crores, (b) Rs. 20 crores, (c) Rs. 24 crores, (d) none of the above
• Indian working class: Specimen questions-1-Mahatma Gandhi was primarily associated with the working class of-(a) textile industry in bombay, (b) iron & steel industry in jodhpur, (b) textile industry in kanpur, (d) textile industry in ahmedabad

Tourism management: Unit 01

• Unity in diversity-harappan culture

Tourism management: Unit 02

• Aryavarta-Jainism & Buddhism-religious centers-Gandhara art

Tourism management: Unit 03

• Historical places such as taxasil, pataliputra, kalinga, saranath etc mauryan inscriptions, art & architecture

Tourism management: Unit 04

• Fa Hien’s account cultural achievement (literature, art & architecture), religion learning centers like nalanda university

Tourism management: Unit 05

• Cultural contribution-amaravathi school of art jain & buddhist centers-Acharya Nagarjuna

Tourism management: Unit 06

• Cultural contribution-study of tourist centers like kanchi, mahabalipuram art & architecture under pallavas & cholas-chola's administration

Tourism management: Unit 07

• Harshavardhana sites like sthaneshwar & praayaga-Hiuen-Tsang’s account-rajputs & their cultural achievements-literature, art & architecture

Tourism management: Unit 08

• Kakatiya contribution to art & architecture, cultural achievements under vijayanagara rule-hampti, lepakshi
• Tadipatri, ahobilam, belur etc., traveller’s account

Tourism management: Unit 09

• Indo-sarcenic art-constructions of the sultans and the mughals, delhi, agra fathepur sikri, madhura, etc., bahmani & qutub hahi structures in deccan, sufi & bhakti movements

Tourism management: Unit 10

• Socio-cultural reform movements: Brahma samaj, arya samaj-theosophical society-ramakrishna mission-hitakarini samaj at rajahmandry etc.

Tourism management: Unit 11

• National movement & the centers of national struggle (bombay, calcutta, madras, lahore, jalianwalabagh, dandi etc) role of Gandhiji in freedom movement achievement of independence & integration of princely states

Tourism management: Unit 12

Tourism management: Unit 13

Political science: Unit 01

• Political science-definition, scope and political science as a policy science; political science and its relations with other social sciences-history, economics and sociology
• Approaches to the study of politics-liberal, marxist, behavioral; ideologies-individualism, marxism, anarchism, fascism and socialism; theories of origin of the state-divine, evolutionary (historical) and social contract
• Concepts-state; nation; civil society; sovereignty: Monism and pluralism; law-sources of law, rule of law; power, authority and legitimacy; citizenship; liberty and equality and interrelationship between liberty and equality
• Rights: Theories and kinds; human rights; forms of government-democracy-direct and indirect; unitary and federal; parliamentary and presidential; theory of separation of powers (montesquieu)
• Organs of government: Legislature-unicameral, bi-cameral, powers and functions; executive-powers and functions; judiciary-powers and functions; independence of judiciary and judicial review

Political science: Unit 02

• Nationalist movement and constitutional development-impact of colonial rule and indian national movement; making of the indian constitution; philosophical foundations and salient features of the indian constitution
• Nationalist movement and constitutional development-fundamental rights and directive principles-fundamental rights and duties; directive principles of state policy; relationship between fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy
• Statutory commissions for protection of rights-national human rights commission, emergence, evolution and functioning (NHRC); national commission for women (NCW); national SC & ST commission
• Statutory commissions for protection of rights-national minorities commission; social and political movements in india-farmers movements; dalit movements; tribal movements; environmental movements; women’s movement
• Union government-president: Election; powers and functions; parliament-composition; powers and functions; prime minister and council of ministers; supreme court-composition; powers and functions; judicial review; judicial activism
• State government-governor; chief minister and council of ministers; legislature; high court-composition; powers and functions; union-state relations-features of indian federal system; centre-state relations; recent trends in centre-state relations
• Local self government-democratic decentralisation; panchayati raj institutions-73rd constitutional amendment; urban self governing bodies; 74th constitutional amendment
• Political process; nature of indian political party system-national political parties-INC, BJP, CPI, CPM, BSP, SP, JD(V); regional political parties-Akali Dal, JMM, AIADMK, TRS, TDP; pressure groups; media
• Right to information act; electoral politics: Election commission-composition, powers and functions; voting behavior-influence of socio-economic factors; electoral reforms

Political science: Unit 03

• Political thought-nature, methods and significance; western and indian political thought-comparison; ancient and medieval political thought-plato-theory of justice and ideal state; aristotle-classification of governments, theory of revolutions and slavery
• Political thought-Manu-Dharma and Varna; Kautilya-Saptanga theory, Mandala theory; Thomas Aquinas-theory of law; early modern western political thought-church-state controversy; Nicolo Machiavelli as a modern political thinker and views on state craft
• Social contractualists: Thomas Hobbes-individualism and absolute (state) sovereignty; John Locke-natural rights and limited government; Jean Jacques Rousseau-general will and popular sovereignty
• Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham-principles of utilitarianism; J.S. Mill-liberty, representative government; idealists-GWF Hegel-dialectics and theory of state; TH green rights and political obligation
• Marxist philosophy-Karl Marx-dialectical and historical materialism; Mao Zedong-on contradictions, new democratic revolution; Antonio Gramsci-hegemony and civil society
• Indian political thought: Buddha-social and political ideas; Dhamma and Sangha; basava-social ideas; Jyotirao Phule-critique of brahmanism, social revolution; Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi-ahimsa, satyagraha
• Indian political thought: Jawaharlal Nehru-democratic socialism, secularism; Dr. B.R. Ambedkar-theory of caste, annihilation of caste and state socialism

Public administration: Unit 01

• Basics of public administration
• Nature of public administration: (a) Meaning and importance of public administration, (b) state and evolution of public administration
• Relationship with other social sciences: (a) Law, (b) political science, (c) economics, (d) psychology
• Oriental and classical approaches: (a) Oriental approach-Kautilya, (b) classical approach-Henri Fayol, Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick, (c) scientific management approach: F.W.Taylor, (d) Bureaucratic approach-Max Weber and Karl Marx
• Human relations and behavioural approaches: (a) Human relations approach-Elton Mayo, (b) behavioural approach: Herbert A. Simon, (c) socio-psychological approach-Abraham Maslow; Mc Gregor, Rensis Likert
• Ecological and social justice approaches: (a) Administrative ecology-F.W.Riggs, (b) social justice approach-B.R.Ambedkar, (c) Jyothirao Phule
• Development dynamics and emerging trends
• Comparative & development administration: (a) Comparative administration, (b) development administration, (c) changing dynamics of development administration
• Emerging trends-I: (a) New public administration-Minnowbrook-I, (b) new public administration-Minnowbrook-II, (c) new public administration-Minnowbrook-III
• Market theories: (a) Public choice approach, (b) new public management
• Emerging trends-I: (a) Public policy and governance, (b) role of public services in the emergence and development of new state of Telangana
• Emerging trends-II: (a) Globalization and public administration, (b) present status of public administration in the context of globalization

Public administration: Unit 02

• Union administration, historical background: (a) Evolution of Indian administration, (b) Indian administration after Independence-continuity and change, (c) Indian constitutional moorings and administration
• Union administration: Structure and processes-(a) Political executive at central level i.Presidenti. Prime Ministeriii. Council of ministers, (b) Central secretariat and other offices
• Center-state relations: (a) Centre-state administrative relations, (b) Central personnel agencies-all India services
• Constitutional and other national bodies: (a) Union public service commission, (b) election commission and comptroller and auditor general of India (C&AG), (c) NITI aayog
• Public enterprises in India: (a) Forms of public enterprises-department, corporation, company, (b) Performance and disinvestment
• State administration: Structure and processes-(a) administrative history of Telangana, (b) Political executive at state level, governor & chief minister
• State administrative mechanisms: (a) State secretariat & directorates, (b) local governance & district administration in Telangana
• Emerging issues: (a) Administrative reforms-need and importance, (b) 2nd administrative reforms commission-features and recommendations
• Technology and integrity in government: (a) E-government, (b) Values and ethics in administration
• Control over administration: (a) Redressal of citizen grievances-transparency, accountability and right to information act, (b) administrative accountability-legislative and judicial control

Public administration: Unit 03

• Nature of human resource management: (a) Meaning and significance of human resource management, (b) human resource planning
• Office management: (a) Concept and principles of office management, (b) job analysis, job description, recruitment and promotion, (c) compensation administration-wage, pay and pay commissions
• Human resource development: (a) Performance and competency mapping system, (b) employee capacity building strategies-training, (c) total quality management and productivity management
• Emerging trends: (a) Redressal of employee grievances, (b) right sizing, outsourcing and consultancies, (c) interpersonal skills

Public administration: Unit 04

• Financial management: (a) Meaning and scope, (b) importance of financial management
• Budget: (a) Concept and principles of budget, (b) preparation of budget, (c) enactment and execution of budget
• Financial institutions: (a) Organization and functioning of finance ministry, (b) union-state financial relations and the role of finance commission
• Financial institutions: (c) Parliamentary financial committees-public accounts committee, estimates committee and committee on public undertakings
• Materials management: (a) Meaning and concept of materials management, (b) procurement, storage and distribution, (c) inventory control and management

Commerce: Unit 01

• Introduction to accounting including accounting concepts and conventions-accounting process-journalising-posting to ledger accounts-subsidiary books including cash book-bank reconciliation statement-preparation of trial balance and final accounting
• Errors and rectification-bills of exchange-consignment and joint ventures-depreciation and reserves-single entry and non-trading concerns

Commerce: Unit 02

• Partnership accounts including admission, retirement, death of a partner, dissolution of partnership and sale to a company-company accounts including issue of shares and debentures-forfeiture, reissue of shares-redemption of debentures
• Underwriting-issue of bonus shares-profit prior to incorporation-valuation of goodwill and shares

Commerce: Unit 03

• Canons of taxation-definitions and basic concepts of income tax-heads of income-residential status-income from salary-income from house property-profits and gains of business or profession-capital gains and income from other sources

Commerce: Unit 04

• Indian contract act including essentials of a valid contract, offer, acceptance, consideration, performance of contract and breach of contract-significance of information technology act-sale of goods act and consumer protection act
• Intellectual property rights-management of companies and meetings-winding up

Commerce: Unit 05

• Business economics including characteristics, importance, micro and macro economics, law of diminishing marginal utility-law of equi-marginal utility-demand analysis-supply analysis production analysis-cost and revenue analysis

Commerce: Unit 06

• Concepts and forms of business organisation-joint stock company-functions of management-planning and organising-authority, coordination and control

Commerce: Unit 07

• Origin and development of statistics-statistical investigation-diagrammatic presentation-measures of central tendency-measures of dispersion, skewness and kurtosis-correlation and regression-index numbers-time series-probability-theoretical distribution

Commerce: Unit 08

• Understanding of computer and word processing-operating computer using GUI based operating system-understanding word processing-using spreadsheet-basics of presentation software-introduction to internet-world wide web-web browsing

Commerce: Unit 09

• General knowledge & current affairs in the field of commerce and business

Commerce: Unit 10

• Synonyms, antonyms and comprehending a passage-report writing-types of reports-parts contents-format of report-business report and academic report-essentials of good report writing

Psychology: Unit 01

• Historical foundations of psychology; nature, goals and fields of psychology (pure and applied); schools of psychology: Structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism and gestalt
• Contemporary approaches to psychology: Cognitive approach, humanistic approach and existential approach; methods of psychology-experimental method, observation method, case study method and survey method

Psychology: Unit 02

• Biological basis of behaviour: (a) Nervous system and its organization-the structure of neuron; central nervous system-brain and spinal cord; localization of brain functions; autonomic nervous systems
• Biological basis of behaviour: (b) Hormonal basis of behaviour-the major endocrine glands and their functions; mechanisms of heredity-chromosomes and genes; influence of heredity and environment on behaviour

Psychology: Unit 03

• Sensory processes-vision, audition, chemical senses, sense of equilibrium and kinesthetic sense
• Perceptual processes: Attention and perception; factors influencing attention ; types of attention; principles of perceptual organization; perception of space; perception of movement; perceptual constancies and illusions

Psychology: Unit 04

• Types of motives: Physiological and psychosocial motives; unconscious motivation; Maslow’s theory of motivation

Psychology: Unit 05

• Development of emotions; physiological basis of emotions; theories of emotions-James-Lange, Cannon-Bard and Schachter-Singer

Psychology: Unit 06

• Concept of learning curve; theories of learning: Classical conditioning and operant conditioning; cognitive learning (sign learning, learning by insight) and observation learning; motivation and learning
• Efficient methods of learning; transfer of training

Psychology: Unit 07

• Types of memory; information processing model of memory; curve of forgetting; theories of forgetting; methods of improving memory

Psychology: Unit 08

• Types of thinking; theories-Bruner and Sullivan; reasoning-inductive and deductive; problem-solving: types; problem solving strategies; creativity-stages of creative thinking

Psychology: Unit 09

• Principles of development; stages in development; developmental task

Psychology: Unit 10

• Nature of intelligence; measurement of intelligence; distribution of intelligence; genetic basis of intelligence; theories of intelligence-Spearman, Thurstone, Thorndike, Sternberg, Guilford and Gardener; measurement of intelligence

Psychology: Unit 11

• Nature of personality, factors influencing personality, approaches to the study of personality-psychoanalytic, behavioristic, humanistic and trait and type approach; personality assessment

Psychology: Unit 12

• Dynamics of adjustment: Conflict, frustration and anxiety; defense mechanisms

Psychology: Unit 13

• Generalized anxiety disorder; obsessive and compulsive disorder; phobias; dissociative identity disorder; conversion disorders; PTSD; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, personality disorders; ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, alzheimer, parkinson and delirium

Psychology: Unit 14

• Stages of sleep; dreams; hypnosis; meditation; drug induced states

Psychology: Unit 15

• Characteristics and applications of normal probability curve; deviation from normality-skewness and kurtosis; measures of central tendency; measures of variability
• Coefficient of correlation; types of correlation; computation of correlation-Spearman and product moment correlation; chi square

Psychology: Unit 16

• Theories of attribution; errors in attribution; techniques of impression management; types of communication; communication patterns-circle, wheel, chain and Y patterns; rumors and propaganda

Psychology: Unit 17

• Nature and definition; distinctive features of attitudes, formation of attitudes-classical and operant conditioning, social learning theory; attitude change-balance theory, cognitive dissonance, self- perception and psychological reactance
• Measurement of attitudes: Likert method of summated ratings, Bogardus method of social distance, Thurstone’s equal appearing intervals method, osgood and Tannenbaum semantic differential scale

Psychology: Unit 18

• Causes of prejudice; techniques of reducing prejudice

Psychology: Unit 19

• Difference between pro-social behaviour and altruism; concept of Bystander effect; steps in prosocial behaviour
• Factors influencing prosocial behaviours-situational & personal factors (self interest, moral integrity and moral hypocrisy), emotional and dispositional factors

Psychology: Unit 20

• Nature and concept of aggression; determinants of human aggression-social (frustration, provocation, displaced aggression
• Media violence and heightened arousal, personal (type A and type B, narcissism and gender differences), and situational factors (alcohol consumption, high temperatures)

Psychology: Unit 21

• Nature, types, and structure of a group: Status, position, roles and norms; functions of a group; groups and individual performance-social facilitation, social loafing; decision making by groups-polarisation, risky shift, group think

Psychology: Unit 22

• Conformity, compliance, obedience, cooperation, competition and cohesiveness

Psychology: Unit 23

• Nature of leadership, traits of a leader; types of leaders-autocratic, democratic and charismatic leaders; classic studies on leadership

Psychology: Unit 24

• Risk behaviours: Teenage pregnancy, addiction to technology, substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, obesity and eating disorders, depression and suicide

Psychology: Unit 25

Psychology: Unit 26

Sociology: Unit 01

• Sociology: Its definitions, nature, scope, emergence, importance, methods and its relationship with other sciences-major theoretical perspectives and basic orientation of sociological theories-importance
• Sociology: Applications and research fields of sociology-society-its definitions, nature, characteristics, functions and its theories of evolution typology of sociology-tribal, agrarian/ peasant, rural, urban
• Sociology: Industrial and post-industrial society and individual-influence of heredity and environment on personality development
• Community: Association-social group-their characteristics and classification-elements of social structure and social system-role, status, values, norms-culture-definitions, elements, cultural relativity, cultural lag
• Community: Acculturation, enculturalization, ethnocentrism, xenocentrism-social integration-associative and dissociative social processes-socialization-meaning. Types, agencies and significant theories
• Social institutions: Family, marriage and kinship-their classification, patterns and usages; -economy-concept of property, economic systems of simple and complex societies
• Social institutions: Free market and planned economy-polity-power, authority and legitimacy, civil society, political socialization and modernization, pressure groups
• Social stratification and mobility: Forms and functions-caste, class, gender and estate-theories of social stratification-ethnicity and diaspora
• Social stratification and mobility: Social control-deviance and conformity-means and agencies of social control-social change-theories and factors of social change
• Sociological thought: Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber

Sociology: Unit 02

• Perspectives on the study of Indian society: Indological, structural-functional, Marxist, civilizational and Subaltern-ethnic formation of Indian society-Indo-Aryans, Dravidians and aboriginals-hindu social order-Varmashramas
• Perspectives on the study of Indian society: Purusharthas, of Adwaitha, Dwaitha, Visistaadwaitha-emergence of Jainism and Buddhism; their social base and philosophies
• Advent of Islam: Sufism and Bhakti movements-colonial period-advent of British and Christianity-emergence of modern structures and classes, education, bureaucracy, westernization, modernization, secularization
• Advent of Islam: Agrarian social structure & unrest, land reforms-revivalism in India-Sanskritization and Hindutva-tenets, rituals, customs, family, marriage, Kinship among Hindus, Muslims and Christians
• Tribes in India: Geographical, racial and linguistic distribution and demography indicators-tribal family-structure, composition and typology-tribal marriage-ways of acquiring mate
• Tribes in India: Types and functions-kinship-terminology & usages, Lineage, Clan, Phratry, Moiety-difference between tribal and non-tribal culture-cultural contact and allied problems
• Tribes in India: Forms of tribal economy; reciprocity, redistribution and exchange-tribal polity-forms, law and justice-tribal religion; forms, functions-relationship between religion, magic and science
• Caste system in India: Characteristics, functions and theories on its emergence-Jajmani system-caste endogamy-social movements in India-dissent, protest, reformation-constitutional provisions and legal safeguards for SC, ST, OBC/ BC, women
• Caste system in India: Persons with disabilities (PWD) and their welfare, empowerment and development-social change in modern India-its factors and implications
• Social problems in India: Casteism, untouchability, poverty, unemployment, child labour, alcoholism, beggary, crime, juvenile delinquency, prostitution, dowry, violence against women, marriage breakdowns, communal tensions
• Social problems in India: Environmental degradation, rapid and uneven urbanization, migration, brain-drain and corruption

Master of education: Unit 01

Master of education: Unit 02

Master of education: Unit 03

Master of education: Unit 04

Master of education: Unit 05

Master of education: Unit 06

Master of education: Unit 07

Master of education: Unit 08

Master of education: Unit 09

Master of education: Unit 10

Master of physical education: Unit 01

Master of physical education: Unit 02

Master of physical education: Unit 03

Master of physical education: Unit 04

Master of physical education: Unit 05

Master of physical education: Unit 06

Master of physical education: Unit 07

Master of physical education: Unit 08

Master of physical education: Unit 09

Master of physical education: Unit 10

Master of physical education: Unit 11

Master of physical education: Unit 12

Master of physical education: Unit 13

Master of physical education: Unit 14

Master of physical education: Unit 15

Master of physical education: Unit 16

Master of physical education: Unit 17

Master of physical education: Unit 18

Master of physical education: Unit 19

Master of physical education: Unit 20

Botany: Unit 01

• Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance. An outline of plant diseases of important crop plants caused by bacteria and their control with reference to angular leaf spot of cotton and bacterial blight of rice
• Bacteria: Brief account of archaebacteria, actinomycetes
• Bacteria: General account of mycoplasma with reference to little leaf of brinjal and papaya leaf curl
• Viruses: Structure, replication and transmission; plant diseases caused by viruses and their control with reference to tobacco mosaic and rice tungro

Botany: Unit 02

• Algae-general characters, structure, reproduction and classification of algae (Fritsch)
• Cyanobacteria: General characters, cell structure, thallus organisation and their significance as biofertilizers with special reference to oscillatoria, nostoc and anabaena
• Structure and reproduction of the following: Chlorophyceae-volvox, oedogonium, chara. Phaeophyceae-ectocarpus. Rhodophyceae-polysiphonia

Botany: Unit 03

• Fungi-general characters and classification of fungi (ainsworth). Structure and reproduction of the following-mastigomycotina-albugo, zygomycotina-mucor, ascomycotina-saccharomyces, penicillium, basidiomycotina-puccinia, deuteromucotina-cercospora
• Lichens: Ecological and economic importance

Botany: Unit 04

• Bryophytes: Structure, reproduction, life cycle and systematic position of marchantia, anthoceros and polytrichum. Evolution of sporophyte in bryophytes

Botany: Unit 05

• Pteridophytes: Structure, reproduction, life cycle and systematic position of rhynia, lycopodium, equisetum and marsilea. Stelar evolution, heterospory and seed habit in pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms: General characters, structure, reproduction and classification (sporne’s). Distribution and economic importance of gymnosperms. Morphology of vegetative and reproductive parts, systematic position and life cycle of pinus and gnetum
• Palaeobotany: Introduction, fossils, types of fossils and fossilization, importance of fossils. Geological time scale

Botany: Unit 06

• Principles of plant systematics
• Types of classification: Artificial, natural and phylogenetic; systems of classification-salient features and comparative account of bentham & hooker and engler & prantl. An introduction to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG)
• Current concepts in angiosperm taxonomy: Embryology in relation to taxonomy, cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy. Nomenclature and taxonomic resources-an introduction to ICN, Shenzhen code-a brief account
• Current concepts in angiosperm taxonomy: Herbarium-concept, techniques and applications. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging to the families; annonaceae, capparidaceae, rutaceae
• Current concepts in angiosperm taxonomy: Fabaceae (faboideae/ papilionoideae, caesalpinioideae, mimosoideae), cucurbitaceae, apiaceae, asteraceae, asclepiadaceae, lamiaceae, amaranthaceae, euphorbiaceae
• Current concepts in angiosperm taxonomy: Monocotyledons-orchidaceae and poaceae, zingiberaceae

Botany: Unit 07

• Component of ecosystem, energy flow, food chain and food webs
• Plants and environment, ecological adaptations of plants, hydrophytes, xerophytes and mesophytes
• Plant succession seral stages, modification of environment, climax formation with reference to hydrosere and xerosere
• General account of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes

Botany: Unit 08

• Meristems: Types, histological organization of shoot and root apices and theories
• Tissues and tissue systems: Simple, complex and special tissues
• Leaf: Ontogeny, diversity of internal structure; stomata and epidermal outgrowths
• Stem and root anatomy: Vascular cambium-formation and function. Anomalous secondary growth of stem-achyranthes, boerhaavia, bignonia, dracaena; root-beta vulgaris
• Wood structure: General account. Study of local timbers-teak, rosewood, red sanders, nallamaddi and neem

Botany: Unit 09

• History and importance of embryology
• Anther structure, microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte
• Ovule structure and types; megasporogenesis; types and development of female gametophyte
• Pollen morphology, pollination and fertilization, pollination-types, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization
• Seed structure appendages and dispersal mechanisms
• Endosperm-development and types
• Embryo-development and type, polyembryony and apomixis-an outline

Botany: Unit 10

• Plant cell envelope: Ultrastructure of cell wall, models of membrane structure, structure and functions of Semi Permeable plasma membrane
• Cell organelles: Structure and semi autonomous nature of mitochondria and chloroplast
• Nucleus: Ultra structure, types and functions of DNA & RNA. Mitochondrial DNA & plastid DNA and plasmids. Chromosomes-morphology, organization of DNA in a chromosome, euchromatin and heterochromatin, karyotype
• Nucleus: Special types of chromosomes: Lampbrush and polytene chromosomes
• Cell division: Cell and its regulation; mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Botany: Unit 11

• Mendelism: History, principles of inheritance, chromosome theory of inheritance, autosomes and sex chromosomes, incomplete dominance and codominance. Multiple alleles, lethal alleles, epistasis, recessive and dominant traits, polygenic inheritance
• Mendelism: Linkage and crossing over, recombination frequency, two factor and three factor crosses; interference and coincidence. Numericals based on gene mapping; sex linkage. Variation in chromosome number and structure-deletion, duplication, inversion
• Mendelism: Translocation, position effect, euploidy and aneuploidy. Gene mutations-types of mutations; molecular basis of mutations; mutagens physical and chemical (base analogs, deaminating, alkylating and intercalating agents)

Botany: Unit 12

• Plant-water relations: Water potential, osmosis, osmotic and pressure potential, absorption and transport of water
• Mineral nutrition: Essential micro & macro nutrients and symptoms of mineral deficiency
• Transpiration: Stomatal structure and movement. Mechanism of phloem transport. Enzymes-nomenclature, properties, classification and factors regulating enzyme activity
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Carbon assimilation pathways: C3, C4 and CAM
• Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic; glycolysis, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
• Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation. Physiological role of phytohormones-auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene and brassinosteroids

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Applications of coordination compounds, organometallic chemistry, metal carbonyls and related compounds, bioinorganic chemistry, hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB)
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives, synthesis based on carbanions, nitro hydrocarbons, amines, cyanides and isocyanides, heterocyclic compounds, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, electrochemistry and emf, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics
• Photochemistry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• P-Block elements, chemistry of zero group elements, chemistry of d-Block elements, chemistry of f-Block elements, general principles of inorganic qualitative analysis
• Chemical bonding, molecular orbital theory, theory of quantitative analysis, theories of bonding in metals
• Structural theory in organic chemistry, acyclic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogen compounds, alcohols, phenols, ethers and epoxides, carbonyl compounds, conformational analysis, stereochemistry of carbon compounds
• Atomic structure and elementary quantum mechanics, gaseous state, liquid state, solutions, dilute solutions and colligative properties, solid state chemistry, phase rule, colloids and surface chemistry, adsorption, evaluation of analytical data

Computer science: Unit 01

• Computer fundamentals: Introduction of computers, classification of computers, anatomy of a computer, memory hierarchy, introduction to OS, operational overview of a CPU
• Program fundamentals: Generation and classification of programming languages, compiling, interpreting, loading, linking of a program, developing program, software development
• Algorithms: Definitions, different ways of stating algorithms (step-form, pseudo-code, flowchart), strategy for designing algorithms, structured programming concept
• Basics of C: Overview of C, developing programs in C, parts of simple C program, structure of a C program, comments, program statements, C tokens, keywords, identifiers, data types, variables, constants, operators and expressions
• Basics of C: Expression evaluation-precedence and associativity, type conversions
• Input-Output: Unformatted and formatted input and output functions, escape sequences, control statements-selection statements-if, if-else, nested if, nested if-else, comma operator, conditional operator, switch
• Input-Output: Iterative statements-while, for, do-while; special control statement-goto, break, continue, return, exit
• Arrays and strings: One-dimensional arrays, character arrays, functions from ctype.h, string.h, multidimensional arrays
• Functions: Concept of function, using functions, call-by-value vs call-by-reference, passing arrays to functions, score of variables, storage classes, inline functions, and recursion
• Pointers: Introduction, address of operator (&), pointer, uses of pointers, arrays and pointers, pointers and strings, pointers to pointers, array of pointers, pointer to array, dynamic memory allocation
• User-defined data types: Declaring a structure (union) and its members, initialization structure (union), accessing members of a structure (union), array of structures (union), structures verses unions, enumeration types
• Files: Introduction, using files in C, working with text files, working with binary files, files of records, random access to files of records, other file management functions

Computer science: Unit 02

• Introduction to C++: Applications, example programs, tokens, data types, operators, expressions, control structures, arrays, strings, pointers, searching and sorting arrays
• Functions: Introduction, prototype, passing data by value, reference variables, using reference variables as parameters, inline functions, default arguments, overloading functions, passing arrays to functions
• Object oriented programming: Procedural and object-oriented programming, terminology, benefits, OOP languages, and OOP applications
• Classes: Introduction, defining an instance of a class, why have private members? separating class specification from implementation, inline member functions, constructors, passing arguments to constructors, destructors, overloading constructors
• Classes: Private member functions, arrays of objects, instance and static members, friends of classes, memberwise assignment, copy constructors, operator overloading, object conversion, aggregation
• Inheritance: Introduction, protected members and class access, base class access specification, constructors and destructors in base and derived classes, class hierarchies, polymorphism-function overloading
• Inheritance: Function overriding and virtual member functions, abstract base classes and pure virtual functions, multiple inheritance
• C++ streams: Stream classes, unformatted I/ O operations, formatted I/ O operations
• Exceptions: Introduction, throwing an exception, handling an exception, object-oriented exception handling with classes, multiple exceptions, extracting data from the exception class, re-throwing an exception
• Templates: Function templates-introduction, function templates with multiple type, overloading with function templates, class templates-introduction, defining objects of the class template, class templates and inheritance, introduction to the STL

Computer science: Unit 03

• Basic data structure: Introduction to data structures, types of data structures, and introduction to algorithms, pseudo code, and relationship among data, data structures, and algorithms, implementation of data structures, analysis of algorithms
• Stacks: Concept of stacks and queues, stacks, stack abstract data type, representation of stacks using sequential organization (arrays), multiple stacks, applications of stack, expression evaluation and conversion
• Stacks: Polish notation and expression conversion, processing of function calls, reversing a string with a stack, recursion
• Recursion: Introduction, recurrence, use of stack in recursion, variants of recursion, recursive functions, iteration versus recursion
• Queues: Concept of queues, queue as abstract data type, realization of queues using arrays, circular queue, multi-queues, dequeue, priority queue, applications of queues
• Linked lists: Introduction, linked list, linked list abstract data type, linked list variants, doubly linked list, circular linked list, representation of sparse matrix using linked list, linked stack, linked queue
• Trees: Introduction, types of trees, binary tree, binary tree abstract data type, realization of a binary tree, insertion of a node in binary tree, binary tree traversal, other tree operations, binary search tree
• Trees: Threaded binary tree, applications of binary trees
• Searching and sorting: Search techniques-linear search, binary search, sorting techniques-selection sort, bubble sort, insertion sort, merge sort, quick sort, comparison of all sorting methods, search
• Trees: Symbol table, optimal binary search tree, AVL tree (height-balanced tree)
• Graphs: Introduction, representation of graphs, graph traversal-depth first search, breadth first search, spanning tree, Prim’s algorithm, Kruskal’s algorithm
• Hashing: Introduction, key terms and issues, hash functions, collision resolution strategies, hash table overflow, extendible hashing
• Heaps: Basic concepts, implementation of heap, heap as abstract data type, heap sort, heap applications

Computer science: Unit 04

• Introduction: Database-system applications, purpose of database systems, view of data, database languages, relational databases, database design, data storage and querying, transaction management, database architecture, database users and administrators
• Introduction to the relational model: Structure of relational databases, database schema, keys, schema diagrams, relational query languages, relational operations
• Database design and the E-R model: Overview of the design process, the entity-relationship model, constraints, removing redundant attributes in entity sets, entity-relationship diagrams, reduction to relational schemas
• Database design and the E-R model: Entity-relationship design issues, extended E-R features, alternative notations for modeling data, other aspects of database design
• Relational database design: Features of good relational designs, atomic domains and first normal form, decomposition using functional dependencies, functional-dependency theory, decomposition using multivalued dependencies
• Relational database design: Normal forms-2 NF, 3 NF, BCNF, the database design methodology for relational databases
• Introduction to SQL: Overview of the SQL query language, SQL data definition, basic structure of SQL queries, additional basic operations, set operations, null values, aggregate functions, nested subqueries, modification of the database
• Intermediate SQL: Join expressions, views, transactions, integrity constraints, SQL data types and schemas, authorization
• Advanced SQL: Accessing SQL from a programming language, functions and procedures, triggers, recursive queries
• Transaction management: Transaction support-properties of transactions, database architecture, concurrency control-the need for concurrency control, serializability and recoverability, locking methods, deadlock, time stamping methods
• Transaction Management: multi-version timestamp ordering, optimistic techniques, granularity of data items, database recovery-the need for recovery, transactions and recovery, recovery facilities, recovery techniques, nested transaction model
• Security: Database security-threats, computer-based controls-authorization, access controls, views, backup and recovery, integrity, encryption, RAID

Computer science: Unit 05

• Introduction: Java essentials, JVM, java features, creation and execution of programs, data types, structure of java program, type casting, conditional statements, loops, classes, objects, class declaration, creating objects
• Method declaration and invocation, method overloading, constructors-parameterized constructors, constructor overloading, cleaning-up unused objects
• Class variables & method-static keyword, this keyword, one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays, command-line arguments, inner class
• Inheritance: Introduction, types of inheritance, extends keyword, examples, method overriding, super, final keyword, abstract classes, interfaces, abstract classes verses interfaces
• Packages: Creating and using packages, access protection, wrapper classes, string class, string buffer class
• Exception: Introduction, types, exception handling techniques, user-defined exception
• Multithreading: Introduction, main thread and creation of new threads -by inheriting the thread class or implementing the runnable interface, thread lifecycle, thread priority and synchronization
• Input/ Output: Introduction, java.io package, file streams, fileinputstream class, fileoutputstream class, scanner class, bufferedinputstream class, bufferedoutputstream class, randomaccessfile class
• Applets: Introduction, example, life cycle, applet class, common methods used in displaying the output (graphics class)
• Event handling: Introduction, types of events, example
• AWT: Introduction, components, containers, button, label, checkbox, radio buttons, container class, layouts
• Swings: Introduction, differences between swing and AWT, JFrame, JApplet, JPanel, components in swings, layout managers, JTable

Computer science: Unit 06

• Introduction To XHTML-introduction, first HTML, headings, linking, images, special characters and horizontal rules, lists, tables, frames, forms, internal linking, meta elements
• Introduction To XHTML-cascading style sheets-introduction, inline styles, embedded style sheets, conflicting styles, linking external sheets, position elements, box model and text flow, media types, building a CSS drop-down menu, user style sheets, CSS4
• Introduction To java scripting-introduction, simple program, prompt dialog and alert boxes, memory concepts, operators, decision making, control structures, if… else statement
• Introduction To java scripting-while, counter-controlled repetitions, switch statement, do… while statement, break and continue statements
• Introduction To java scripting-functions-program modules in javascript, programmer-defined functions, functions definition, scope rules, global functions, recursion.
• Arrays-introduction, declaring and allocating arrays, references and reference parameters, passing arrays to functions
• Multidimensional arrays, EVENTS-registering event handling, event onload, onmouseover, onmouseout, onfocus, onblur, onsubmit, onreset, event bubbling, more events
• Javascript objects-introduction to object technology, math object, string object, date object, boolean and number object, document and window objects, using cookies
• XML-Introduction, XML basics, structuring data, XML namespaces, document type definitions (DTDs), W3C XML schema documents, XML vocabularies, extensible style sheet language and XSL transformations, document object model (DOM)
• Ajax-enabled rich internet applications: introduction, history of ajax, traditional web applications vs ajax applications, RIAs with Ajax, Ajax example using XMLHttpRequest object, XML and DOM, creating full scale Ajax-enabled application, Dojo toolkit

Electronics: Unit 01

• Introduction to number systems, logic gates OR, AND, NOT, XOR, NAND, NOR gates-truth tables-positive and negative logic-logic families and their characteristics-RTL, DTL, ECL, TTL and CMOS-universal building blocks NAND and NOR gates
• Laws of boolean algebra De Morgan’s theorems-boolean identities-simplification of boolean expressions-Karnaugh Mapssum of products (SOP) and product of sums (POS)
• Combinational and sequential circuits: Multiplexer and demultiplexer-decoder, half adder, full adder and parallel adder circuits
• Combinational and sequential circuits: Flip flops-Rs, D, JK and JK master-slave (working and truth tables)-registers, shift registers, serial in serial out, serial in-parallel out, parallel in-serial out and parallel in parallel out registers
• Combinational and sequential circuits: Synchronous and asynchronous binary counters, up/ down counters-decade counter(7490)-working, truth tables and timing diagrams
• Combinational and sequential circuits: Semiconductor memories-RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
• Digital communication: Fourier transforms, properties of fourier transform, sampling theorem, random signals and noise, correlation and power spectrum
• Digital communication: Analog to digital converter, digital to analog converters, amplitude modulation, pulse width modulation
• Digital communication: Pulse code modulation, pulse phase modulation, delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation, amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, quadrature amplitude modulation
• Digital communication: Parity check, hamming distance, hamming codes, cyclic codes, manchester code, walsh code, NRZ coding. Paging system, global positioning system, cellular telephone, Facsimile and videotext

Electronics: Unit 02

• AC fundamentals: The sine wave-average and RMS values, the operator J, phasor diagram phasor representation of sinusoidal currents and voltages, complex impedance and admittance
• AC fundamentals: Polar and rectangular forms of complex numbers, circuit analysis using complex number representation
• Passive networks: Concept of voltage and current sources-Kirchhoff's voltage law(KVL) and Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)-applications to simple networks consisting of resistors with AC and DC sources-solution of networks using node and mesh analysis
• Network theorems (DC and AC): Superposition theorem-Thevenin’s theorem-Norton’s theorem-maximum power transfer theorem-Millman’s theorem-reciprocity theorem applications to simple networks
• Cathode ray oscilloscope: Cathode ray tube (CRT) and its working, electron gun, focusing, deflection sensitivity, fluorescent screen
• RC and RL circuits: Transient response of RL and RC circuits with step input-time constants
• RC and RL circuits: Frequency response of RC and RL circuits-types of filters-low pass filter-high pass filter-frequency response-passive differentiating and integrating circuits
• Resonance: Series resonance and parallel resonance RLC circuits-resonant frequency-Q factor-bandwidth-selectivity
• PN junction: Depletion region-junction capacitance-diode equation (no derivation)
• PN junction: Effect of temperature on reverse saturation current-V-I characteristics and simple applications of (i) junction diode (ii) zener diode (iii) tunnel diode and (iv) varactor diode
• Bipolar junction transistor (BJT): PNP and NPN transistors-current components in BJT-BJT static characteristics(input and output)-early effect-CB, CC, CE configurations (cutoff, active
• Bipolar junction transistor (BJT): Saturation regions) CE configuration as two port network-h-parameters-h-parameter equivalent circuit
• Bipolar junction transistor (BJT): Determination of h-parameters from the characteristics
• Bipolar junction transistor (BJT): Load line analysis
• Bipolar junction transistor (BJT): Transistor biasing-fixed and self bias
• Field effect transistor (FET): Construction and working of JFET and MOSFET-output and transfer characteristics-determination of FET parameters
• Field effect transistor (FET): Application of FET as voltage variable resistor and MOSFET as a switch-advantages of FET over BJT
• Uni junction transistor (UJT): Construction and working of UJT-characteristics
• Uni junction transistor (UJT): Application of UJT as a relaxation oscillator
• Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR): Construction and working of SCR
• Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR): Two transistor representation, characteristics of SCR
• Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR): Application of SCR for power control
• Photo electronic devices: Construction and characteristics of light dependent resistor (LDR), photovoltaic cell, photo diode, photo transistor and light emitting diode (LED)

Electronics: Unit 03

• Power supplies: Rectifiers-half wave, fullwave and bridge rectifiers-efficiency-ripple factor regulation-harmonic components in rectified output-types of filters-choke input (inductor) filter-shunt capacitor filter-L section and π section filters
• Power supplies: block diagram of regulated power supply-series and shunt regulated power supplies-three terminal regulators (78XX and 79XX)-principle and working of switch mode power supply (SMPS)
• RC coupled amplifier: Analysis and frequency response of single stage RC coupled CE amplifier
• Feedback: Positive and negative feedback-effect of feedback on gain, band width, noise, input and output impedances
• Operational amplifiers: Differential amplifier block diagram of Op-Amp-ideal characteristics of Op-Amp- Op-Amp parameters-input resistance-output resistance-common mode rejection ratio (CMMR)-slew rate-offset voltages-input bias
• Operational amplifiers: Current-basic Op-Amp circuits-inverting Op-Amp-virtual ground-non-inverting Op-Amp-frequency response of Op Amp
• Operational amplifiers: Interpretation of Op-Amp data sheets
• Applications of Op-Amps: Summing amplifier subtractor-voltage follower-integrator-differentiator-comparator-logarithmic amplifier-sine wave (Wein Bridge) and square wave (astable) generators- triangular wave generator
• Applications of Op-Amps: monostable multivibrator-solving simple second order differential equation
• Applications of Op-Amps: Basic Op-Amp series regulator and shunt regulator-IC 555 timer (block diagram and its working)-IC 555 as monostable and astable multivibrators
• Communications: Need for modulation-types of modulation amplitude, frequency and phase modulation
• Communications: Amplitude modulation-sidebands-modulation index- square law diode modulator- demodulation-diode detector
• Communications: Frequency modulation working of simple frequency modulator-ratio detection of FM waves-advantages of frequency modulation
• Communications: AM and FM radio receivers (block diagram approach)

Geography: Unit 01

• Nature and scope of human geography, population distribution and growth; human settlements, urbanization, migration; rural geography; spatial structure and temporal trends of economic activity
• Races of the world their physical and socio-economic characteristics, agriculture
• Urban and rural settlements

Geography: Unit 02

• (a) Physiography, climate, vegetation, soils & drainage
• (b) Agriculture -types of agriculture, food crops, commercial crops-distribution & production patterns, irrigation-type of irrigation, projects-multipurpose projects
• (c) Minerals-type, distribution and production
• (d) Industries-types, locational factors, major industries and distribution
• Transport, trade-national & international

Geography: Unit 03

• Types of maps, scales, projections, graphs, quantitative techniques for central tendency measurements
• Techniques of field surveying: (a) Plane table, (b) prismatic compass, (c) chain survey

Geography: Unit 04

• Lithosphere: (a) Earth & solar systems, rocks, interior of the earth, earth movements volcanoes & earthquakes isostasy continental drift, cycle of erosion, landforms made by river, glacier, wind, underground water
• (b) Atmosphere: Structure & composition of atmosphere insolation, horizontal & vertical distribution of temperature pressure belts, planetary winds, air masses, clouds and precipitation, cyclones & anti-cyclones
• (b) Atmosphere: Koppen’s climatic classification, climatic changes
• (c) Hydrosphere: Oceans, submarine relief of oceans, properties of ocean water-temperature & salinity, ocean currents, tides, ocean deposits

Geography: Unit 05

• Man-environment relations, primary, secondary & tertiary activities, resource-types & distribution, conservation of resources

Geo-Informatics: Unit 01

• Weathering, erosional & depositional landforms-cycle of erosion, atmospheric pressure & winds, insolation & temperature distribution, forms of condensation, cyclones & anticyclones, classification of climates, submarine relief
• Oceanic circulation, oceanic resources; World population-distribution pattern, growth trends and density of population, patterns and processes of population migration, concept of region, industrial location
• Environmental pollution, urbanization environmental impact assessment
• Man environment relations, primary, secondary & tertiary activities, resource-types & distribution, conservation of resources

Geo-Informatics: Unit 02

• Types of maps, sampling, relief profiles, graphic means of communication, projections, digital cartography, database management
• GIS-spatial data structures-Raster & Vector, non-spatial data structures-hierarchical, network, relational and object oriented models
• Spatial data analysis-overlay, buffering proximity.
• Aerial photographs & satellite imageries-high and medium resolution data, utility of aerial photographs, comparison of aerial photograph & map, digital image processing-supervised and unsupervised classification
• Image rectification, ground truth location on satellite imagery, remote sensing platforms & sensors, geo referencing, GPS concepts. Integration of GIS, RS & GPS-their applications
• Fundamentals of C-language, internet mapping
• Contributions of ISRO, NRSA, NIRD

Geology: Unit 01

• Definition of paleontology, conditions of fossilization, modes of preservation, and uses of fossils
• Phylum echinodermata and phylum brachiopod, phylum mollusca* and phylum arthropoda* study of the following fossils with respect to their classification, morphology, and geological distribution: Cidaris, micraster
• Holaster, hemiaster, terebratula, spirifer, rhynchonella, productus, turritella, murex, cypraea, nautica, voluta, pecten, gryphaea, glycymeris, arca cardita, exogyra, nautilus, ammonoids, belemnites, calymene, paradoxide
• Plant fossils glossopteris, gangamopteris, ptilophyllum

Geology: Unit 02

• Definition of stratigraphy, principles of stratigraphy, standard geological time scale
• Physiographic divisions of India with their stratigraphic and structural characteristics
• Dharwar system, cuddapah system; vindhyan system; kurnool system and gondwana system
• Triassic of spiti, jurassic of kutch, cretaceous of tiruchirapalli, deccan traps and their age, siwaliks with vertebrate fossils, archaean-proterozoic boundary problem and cretaceous-tertiary boundary problem
• Geology of andhra pradesh

Geology: Unit 03

• Definition of economic geology, mineral resources and mineral deposit; importance of economic minerals and rocks; ore minerals, gangue minerals (gangue), ore, industrial minerals, tenor and grade; syngenetic deposits, epigenetic deposits
• Classification of mineral deposits-Bateman’s classification modified by Jensen
• Processes of formation of mineral deposits; endogenetic and exogenetic processes-cavity filling and replacement, sedimentation; residual and mechanical concentration; oxidation and supergene enrichment
• Study of ore deposits of gold, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, iron, manganese, chromium, uranium and thorium, with respect to their mineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence (forms)
• Origin and distribution in India of the industrial minerals and rocks required for the following industries; abrasives, cement, ceramic & glass, fertilizers and chemicals, insulators, refractories and fluxes
• Fuels(coal, oil and natural gas)-their origin, occurrence and distribution in india, major mineral resources of andhra pradesh
• Asbestos, baryte, bauxite, coal, clays, gemstones, limestone, manganese, mica., oil and natural gas

Geology: Unit 04

• General aspects, definition of geology-basic assumptions of geology
• Its relationship with other sciences-branches of geology aim and applications of geology
• Earth as a planet-its shape, size, density-movements and their effects
• Origin and age of earth
• Geological processes-exogenic and endogenic, definition of weathering-types of weathering of rocks-physical and chemical; definition of erosion and denudation, cycle of erosion; erosion, transportation and deposition; agents of erosion
• Rivers: Erosion, transportation and deposition of river (fluvial) cycle in different stages-development of typical landforms by river erosion and deposition
• V-shaped valley, waterfall, alluvial fans, meander, ox-bow lake-flood pane, natural plane, peneplain and deltas types of rivers, glaciers-definition of a glacier-types of glaciers-development of typical landforms ...by a glacial erosion and deposition
• Cirque, U-shaped valley-hanging valley, Roches-moutonnees
• Moraines, drumline, kames-Eskers and Varves, characteristic features of glaciated regions, groundwater-storage of ground water-porosity permeability, aquifer, water table-zone of saturation, artesian well, spring, geysers
• Development of typical landforms by erosion and deposition by groundwater (Karst topography) sinkhole, cavern, stalactites and stalagmites
• Seas-offshore profile-continental shelf-continental slope
• Abyssal plane, deep-movement of sea water tides-currents, waves, development of typical landforms by sea erosion and deposition coral reefs
• Lakes-origin of lake basins, geological importance of lakes, lacustrine deposits
• Wind: Development of characteristic features by winds (arid cycle) erosion and deposition-pedestal rock-mushroom topography-inselberg-ventifacts-loess-sand dunes
• Earth movements-definition of diastrophism, epeirogenic and orogenic movements
• Earthquakes: Cause, kinds of earthquake waves, mode of propagation, intensity of earthquakes, Richters scale seismograph and seismogram. Effect of earthquakes, earthquake zones. Interior of the earth-structure and constitution
• Earthquakes: Volcanes-parts of a typical volcano, products of volcanoes, origin of volcano

Geology: Unit 05

• Definition of crystal-amorphous and crystalline, states, morphology of crystals-face, edge, solid angle interfacial angle
• Forms: Simple, combination, closed and open forms. Symmetry-plane, axis, centre, crystallographic axis, parameters, indices; crystallographic notation-parameter
• System of weiss, index following classes of symmetry.I. cubic system-normal (Galena)II. tetragonal system-zircon type III. hexagonal system-beryl type IV. trigonal system-calcite type.V. Orthorhombic system-barytes type. VI. monoclinic system-gypsum
• Type.VII. triclinic system-axinite type. Twinning in crystals-definitions of twin, twin plane, twin axis, composite plane

Geology: Unit 06

• Definition of a mineral-classification of minerals into rock forming and ore forming minerals
• Physical properties of minerals-colour, streak, play of colours, opalescence, asterism, transparency, lustre luminescence, fluorescence, form hardness, tenacity, cleavage parting, fracture; specific gravity, magnetic properties, electrical properties
• Physical properties of minerals-pyro and piezo-electricity
• Modes of mineral formation: Occurrence and association of minerals
• Chemical properties of minerals-isomorphism, solid solution, polymorphism, allotropy, pseudomorphism, radio-activity; silicate structure
• Descriptive of the following mineral groups: Nesosilicate (olivine, garanet, aluminum silicates) sorosilicate (epidote) ‘cyclosilicate (beryl) inosilicate (pyroxene; amphibole) phyllosilicate (mica, hydrous magnesium silicate)
• Descriptive of the following mineral groups: Tectosilicate (feldspars, feldspathoids) miscellaneous-staurolite, tourmaline, zircon, calcite, corundum, apatite

Geology: Unit 07

• Optical properties of minerals-isotropic and anisotropic substances-polarized light refractive index, double refraction, uniaxial and biaxial minerals-Nicol Prism and its construction-concept of crossed Nicols
• Optical properties of minerals-petrological microscope (polarising)-its mechanical and optical parts-behaviour of isotropic and anisotropic minerals between crossed nicols-extinction, pleochroism, interference colour
• Optical properties of important minerals

Geology: Unit 08

• Nature and scope of petrology-definition of rock classification of rocks into igneous, sedimentary metamorphic. Distinguishing features of three types of rocks

Geology: Unit 09

• Classification into plutonic, hypabyssal and volcanic rocks; forms-lava flows, Intrusions, sills, laccolith, lopolith, dykes ring dykes, cone sheets volcanic necks, phacoliths and batholiths
• Structures-vesicular, amygdaloidal, block lava ropy lava pillow, flow, jointing and sheeting structures
• Plates, columnar and prismatic
• Textures-definition of textures, micro-textures, devitrification, allotriomorphic, hypidiomorphic, panidiomorphic, porphyritic, poikilitic, ophitic, intergranular, intersertal, trachytic, graphic and micro-graphic textures
• Textures-reaction structures-corona, myrmekitic, orbicular, spherulitic, perlitic
• Classification of igneous rocks-CIPW and Tyrrell tabular classification
• Descriptive study of following rock types: Granite, granodiorite, syenite, nepheline syenite, diorite porphyry
• Pegmatite, aplite, gabbro, anorthosite, peridotite, pyroxenite, dunite, dolerite, rhyolite, obsidian, trachyte, andesite and basalt
• Composition and constitution of magma-crystallization of magma, uni-component binary system, eutectic and solid solutions
• Origin of igneous rocks-Bowen’s reaction principle, differentiation and assimilation

Geology: Unit 10

• Sources of sediments-mechanical and chemical weathering modes of transportation, sedimentary environments
• Definitions of diagenetic lithification and cementation, stratification, sedimentary structures, types of bedding, surface marks, deformed bedding, solution structures
• Classification of sedimentary rocks: Clastic-rudaceous, arenaceous, argillaceous, non-clastic-calcareous, carbonaceous, ferruginous, phosphatic, evaporites
• Descriptive study of the following sedimentary rocks-conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, grit, arkose, graywacke, shale, limestone, shelly limestone

Geology: Unit 11

• Definition of metamorphism, agents of metamorphism, type of metamorphism, grade and zones of metamorphism, metamorphic minerals-stress and antistress minerals
• Structures of metamorphic rocks-cataclastic, maculose, schistose, granulose and gneissose
• Textures of metamorphic rocks-crystalloblastic, palimpsest, xenoblastic, idioblastic, classification of metamorphic rocks-concept of metamorphic facies
• Cataclastic metamorphism of argillaceous and arenaceous rocks
• Thermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous rocks
• Dynamothermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and igneous rocks
• Plutonic metamorphism, metasomatism and additive processes
• Definition of anatexis and palingenesis, descriptive study of the following metamorphic rocks: -gneiss, schist, slate, phyllite, quartzite, marble, granulite eclogite amphibolites migmatite. Indian examples-gondite, charnockite and khondalite

Geology: Unit 12

• Definition of structural geology, aim and objectives of the structural geology, attitude of beds-strike, dip and apparent dip; use of clinometer, primary structures as folds-description, nomenclature of folds, recognition of folds in the field
• Joints-geometrical and genetic classification of joints. Faults-geometrical and genetic classification of faults, recognition of faults in the field effects of faults on the outcrops
• Unconformities-definition of unconformity-types of unconformities, recognition of unconformities in the field distinguishing the faults from unconformities
• Definition of overlap, offlap, outlier, inlier, cleavage, schistosity; foliation and lineation

Mathematics: Unit 01

• Partial differentiation: Introduction-functions of two variables-neighborhood of a point (a,b)-continuity of a function of two variables, continuity at a point-limit of a function of two variables-partial derivatives
• Partial differentiation: Geometrical representation of a function of two variables-homogeneous functions
• Theorem on total differentials-composite functions-differentiation of composite functions-implicit functions-equality of fxy(a, b) and fyx(a, b)-Taylor’s theorem for a function of two variables-maxima and minima of functions of two variables
• Lagrange’s method of undetermined-multipliers
• Curvature and evolutes : Introduction-definition of curvature-radius of curvature-length of arc as a function, derivative of arc-radius of curvature-Cartesian equations-Newtonian method-centre of curvature-chord of curvature
• Evolutes: Evolutes and involutes-properties of the evolute
• Envelopes: One parameter family of curves-the family of straight lines-definition-determination of envelope
• Lengths of plane curves : Introduction-expression for the lengths of curves y = f (x) - expressions for the length of arcs x = f (y); x = f (t), y = ϕ(t); r = f (θ)
• Volumes and surfaces of revolution: Introduction-expression for the volume obtained by revolving about either axes-expression for the volume obtained by revolving about any line-area of the surface of the frustum of a cone
• Volumes and surfaces of revolution: Expression for the surface of revolution-Pappus theorems-surface of revolution

Mathematics: Unit 02

• Differential equations of first order and first degree: Introduction-equations in which variables are separable-homogeneous differential equations-differential equations reducible to homogeneous form-linear differential equations
• Differential equations of first order and first degree: Differential equations reducible to linear form-exact differential equations-integrating factors-change in variables-total differential equations-simultaneous total differential equations
• Differential equations of first order and first degree: Equations of the form
• Differential equations first order but not of first degree: Equations solvable for p-equations solvable for y-equations solvable for x-equations that do not contain x (or y)-equations homogeneous in x and y-equations of the first degree in x and y
• Differential Equations first order but not of first degree: Clairaut’s equation
• Applications of first order differential equations : Growth and decay-dynamics of tumour growth-radioactivity and carbon dating-compound interest-orthogonal trajectories
• Higher order linear differential equations: Solution of homogeneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients-solution of non-homogeneous differential equations P (D) y = Q (x) with constant coefficients by means of polynomial operators
• Higher order linear differential equations: When Q (x) = eax, b sin ax/ b cos ax,bxk , V eax-method of undetermined coefficients. Method of variation of parameters-linear differential equations with non constant coefficients-the cauchy-euler equation
• Higher order linear differential equations: Legendre’s linear equations-miscellaneous differential equations
• Partial differential equations: Formation and solution-equations easily integrable-linear equations of first order

Mathematics: Unit 03

• Sequences: Limits of sequences-a discussion about proofs-limit theorems for sequences monotone sequences and cauchy sequences-subsequences-Lim superiors and Lim inferior series-alternating series and integral test
• Continuity: Continuous functions-properties of continuous functions-uniform continuity-limits of functions
• Differentiation: Basic properties of the derivative-mean value theorems-L’hospital rule-Taylor’s theorem
• Integration: The Riemann integral-properties of Riemann integral-fundamental theorem of integral Calculus

Mathematics: Unit 04

• Groups: Definition and examples of groups-elementary properties of groups-finite groups-subgroups-terminology and notation-subgroup tests-examples of subgroups
• Cyclic groups: Properties of cyclic groups-classification of subgroups-cyclic groups
• Permutation groups: Definition and notation-cycle notation-properties of permutations-a check digit scheme based on D5. Isomorphisms ; motivation-definition and examples-Cayley’s theorem properties of isomorphisms-automorphisms
• Permutation groups: Cosets and Lagrange’s theorem properties of cosets-Lagrange’s theorem and consequences-an application of cosets to permutation groups-the rotation group of a cube and a soccer ball
• Normal subgroups and factor groups: Normal subgroups-factor groups-applications of factor groups-group homomorphisms-definition and examples-properties of homomorphisms-the first isomorphism theorem
• Introduction to rings: Motivation and definition-examples of rings-properties of rings-subrings
• Integral Domains: Definition and Examples - Fields –Characteristics of a Ring.
• Ideals and Factor Rings: Ideals -Factor Rings -Prime Ideals and Maximal Ideals.
• Ring Homomorphisms: Definition and Examples-Properties of Ring- Homomorphisms.

Mathematics: Unit 05

• Vector spaces: Vector spaces and subspaces-null spaces, column spaces, and linear transformations-linearly independent sets; bases-coordinate systems-the dimension of a vector space rank-change of basis-eigenvalues and eigenvectors
• Vector spaces: The characteristic equation-diagonalization-eigenvectors and linear transformations-complex eigenvalues-applications to differential equations
• Orthogonality and least squares: Inner product, length, and orthogonality-orthogonal sets-orthogonal projections -the gram-schmidt orthogonalization process

Physics: Unit 01

• Vector analysis: Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its physical significance
• Vector analysis: Divergence and curl of a vector field and related problems
• Vector analysis: Vector integration, line, surface and volume integrals. Stokes’, Gauss’s and Green’s theorems-simple applications
• Mechanics of particles: Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, motion of a rocket, multi-stage rocket, conservation of energy and momentum
• Mechanics of particles: Collisions in two and three dimensions, concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section
• Mechanics of rigid bodies: Definition of rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation of motion for a rotating body, angular momentum and inertial tensor
• Mechanics of rigid bodies: Euler’s equation, precession of a top, gyroscope
• Central forces: Central forces-definition and examples, conservative nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of potential energy
• Central forces: equation of motion under a central force, gravitational potential and gravitational field, motion under inverse square law, derivation of Kepler’s laws
• Special theory of relativity: Galilean relativity, absolute frames, Michelson-Morley experiment, postulates of special theory of relativity
• Special theory of relativity: Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation. Concept of four vector formalism
• Oscillations: Simple harmonic oscillator, and solution of the differential equation-physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum measurements of rigidity modulus
• Oscillations: Compound pendulum, measurement of g, combination of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies, Lissajous figures
• Oscillations: Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential equation of damped oscillator
• Oscillations: Energy considerations, logarithmic decrement, relaxation time, quality factor, differential equation of forced oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance, velocity resonance

Physics: Unit 02

• Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction-deduction of Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds, transport phenomena-viscosity of gases-thermal conductivity-diffusion of gases
• Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic potentials-derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations-Clausius-Clapeyron equation-derivation for ratio of specific heats-derivation for difference of two specific heats for perfect gas
• Thermodynamics: Joule Kelvin effect-expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Van Der Waals gas
• Low temperature physics: Joule Kelvin effect-liquefaction of gas using porous plug experiment. Joule expansion-distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion-expression for Joule Thomson cooling-liquefaction of helium
• Low temperature physics: Kapitza’s method-adiabatic demagnetization-production of low temperatures-principle of refrigeration, vapour compression type
• Quantum theory of radiation: Black body-Ferry’s black body-distribution of energy in the spectrum of Black body-Wien’s displacement law, Wien’s law, Rayleigh-Jeans law
• Quantum theory of radiation: Quantum theory of radiation-Planck’s law-deduction of Wien’s law, Rayleigh-Jeans law, Stefan’s law from Planck’s law
• Quantum theory of radiation: Measurement of radiation using pyrometers-disappearing filament optical pyrometer-experimental determination-angstrom pyrheliometer-determination of solar constant, effective temperature of sun
• Statistical mechanics: Introduction, postulates of statistical mechanics. Phase space, concept of ensembles and some known ensembles, classical and quantum statistics and their differences, concept of probability
• Statistical mechanics: Maxwell Boltzmann’s distribution law-molecular energies in an ideal gas-Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution law, Bose-Einstein distribution law, Fermi-Dirac distribution law, comparison of three distribution laws

Physics: Unit 03

• Electrostatics: Electric field-concept of electric field lines and electric flux, Gauss’s law (integral and differential forms), application to linear, plane and spherical charge distributions
• Electrostatics: Conservative nature of electric field ‘E’, irrotational field. Electric potential-concept of electric potential, relation between electric potential and electric field, potential energy of a system of charges
• Electrostatics: Energy density in an electric field
• Electrostatics: Calculation of potential from electric field for a spherical charge distribution
• Magnetostatics: Concept of magnetic field ‘B’ and magnetic flux, Biot-Savart’s law, B due to a straight current carrying conductor
• Magnetostatics: Force on a point charge in a magnetic field
• Magnetostatics: Properties of B, curl and divergence of B, solenoidal field
• Magnetostatics: Integral form of Ampere’s law, applications of Ampere’s law-field due to straight, circular and solenoidal currents
• Magnetostatics: Energy stored in magnetic field. Magnetic energy in terms of current and inductance
• Magnetostatics: Magnetic force between two current carrying conductors
• Magnetostatics: Magnetic field intensity
• Magnetostatics: Ballistic galvanometer-torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field, working principle of B.G., current and charge sensitivity, electromagnetic damping, critical damping resistance
• Electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic waves: Faraday’s laws of induction (differential and integral form), Lenz’s law, self and mutual induction
• Electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic waves: Continuity equation, modification of Ampere’s law, displacement current, Maxwell equations
• Electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic waves: Maxwell’s equations in vacuum and dielectric medium, boundary conditions, plane wave equation-transverse nature of EM waves, velocity of light in vacuum and in medium
• Electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic waves: Poynting’s theorem
• Varying and alternating currents: Growth and decay of currents in LR, CR and LCR circuits-critical damping. Alternating current, relation between current and voltage in pure R, C and L-vector diagrams-power in ac circuits
• Varying and alternating currents: LCR series and parallel resonant circuit-Q-factor
• Varying and alternating currents: AC & DC motors-single phase, three phase (basics only)
• Network theorems: Passive elements, power sources, active elements, network models-T and π transformations, superposition theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem
• Network theorems: Reciprocity theorem and maximum power transfer theorem (simple problems)

Physics: Unit 04

• Waves: Fundamentals of waves-transverse wave propagation along a stretched string, general solution of wave equation and its significance, modes of vibration of stretched string clamped at ends, overtones, energy transport, transverse impedance
• Waves: Longitudinal vibrations in bars-wave equation and its general solution
• Waves: Special cases-(i) bar fixed at both ends; (ii) bar fixed at the midpoint; (iii) bar free at both ends, (iv) bar fixed at one end
• Waves: Transverse vibrations in a bar-wave equation and its general solution
• Waves: Boundary conditions, clamped free bar, free free bar, bar supported at both ends, tuning fork
• Interference: Principle of superposition-coherence-temporal coherence and spatial coherence-conditions for interference of light
• Interference: Interference by division of wavefront-Fresnel’s biprism-determination of wavelength of light
• Interference: Determination of thickness of a transparent material using Biprism-change of phase on reflection-Lloyd’s mirror experiment
• Interference: Interference by division of amplitude-oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected and transmitted light (Cosine law)-colours of thin films-non-reflecting films
• Interference: Interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a point source-interference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (wedge shaped film)-determination of diameter of wire
• Interference: Newton’s rings in reflected light with and without contact between lens and glass plate, Newton’s rings in transmitted light (Haidinger Fringes)-determination of wavelength of monochromatic light
• Interference: Michelson interferometer-types of fringes-determination of wavelength of monochromatic light, difference in wavelength of sodium D1,D2 lines and thickness of a thin transparent plate
• Diffraction: Introduction-distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction, Fraunhofer diffraction-diffraction due to single slit and circular aperture-limit of resolution-Fraunhofer diffraction due to double slit
• Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction pattern with N slits (diffraction grating). Resolving power of grating-determination of wavelength of light in normal and oblique incidence methods using diffraction grating
• Diffraction: Fresnel diffraction-Fresnel’s half period zones-area of the half period zones-zone plate-comparison of zone plate with convex lens-phase reversal zone plate
• Diffraction: Diffraction at a straight edge-difference between interference and diffraction
• Polarization: Polarization polarized light-methods of polarization, polarization by reflection, refraction, double refraction, selective absorption , scattering of light-Brewster’s law-Malus law-Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer
• Polarization: Refraction of plane wave incident on negative and positive crystals (Huygens explanation)-quarter wave plate, half wave plate-Babinet’s compensator-optical activity, analysis of light by Laurent’s half shade polarimeter

Physics: Unit 05

• Spectroscopy: Atomic spectra-introduction-drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic model-Sommerfeld’s elliptical orbits-relativistic correction (no derivation)
• Spectroscopy: Atomic spectra-Stern & Gerlach experiment, vector atom model and quantum numbers associated with it
• Spectroscopy: Atomic spectra-L-S and j-j coupling schemes
• Spectroscopy: Atomic spectra-spectral terms, selection rules, intensity rules-spectra of alkali atoms, doublet fine structure, Zeeman effect, Paschen-back effect and Stark effect (basic idea)
• Molecular spectroscopy: Types of molecular spectra, pure rotational energies and spectrum of diatomic molecule
• Molecular spectroscopy: Determination of internuclear distance
• Molecular spectroscopy: Vibrational energies and spectrum of diatomic molecule
• Molecular spectroscopy: Raman effect, classical theory of Raman effect
• Molecular spectroscopy: Experimental arrangement for Raman effect and its applications
• Quantum mechanics: Inadequacy of classical physics-spectral radiation-Planck’s law (only discussion)
• Quantum mechanics: Photoelectric effect-Einstein’s photoelectric equation
• Quantum mechanics: Compton’s effect-experimental verification
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & uncertainty principle-De Broglie’s hypothesis-wavelength of matter waves, properties of matter waves
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & uncertainty principle-phase and group velocities. Davisson and Germer experiment
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & uncertainty principle-double slit experiment
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & uncertainty principle-standing de Broglie waves of electron in Bohr's orbits
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & Uncertainty principle-Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and momentum (x and px), energy and time (E and t)
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & Uncertainty principle-Gamma ray microscope
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & uncertainty principle-diffraction by a single slit
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & uncertainty principle-position of electron in a Bohr orbit
• Quantum mechanics: Matter waves & uncertainty principle-complementary principle of Bohr
• Quantum mechanics: Schrodinger wave equation-schrodinger time independent and time dependent wave equations
• Quantum mechanics: Schrodinger wave equation-wave function properties-significance
• Quantum mechanics: Schrodinger wave equation-basic postulates of quantum mechanics
• Quantum mechanics: Schrodinger wave equation-operators, eigen functions and eigen values, expectation values
• Nuclear physics: Nuclear structure-basic properties of nucleus-size, charge, mass, spin, magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment
• Nuclear physics: Nuclear structure-binding energy of nucleus, deuteron binding energy, p-p, n-n, and n-p scattering (concepts), nuclear forces
• Nuclear physics: Nuclear structure-nuclear models-liquid drop model, shell model
• Nuclear physics: Alpha and beta decays-range of alpha particles, Geiger-Nuttal law
• Nuclear physics: Alpha and beta decays-Gamow’s theory of alpha decay
• Nuclear physics: Alpha and beta decays-Geiger-Nuttal law from Gamow’s theory
• Nuclear physics: Alpha and beta decays-beta spectrum-neutrino hypothesis
• Nuclear physics: Particle detectors-GM counter, proportional counter, scintillation counter
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Crystal structure-crystalline nature of matter
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Crystal structure-Crystal lattice, unit cell, elements of symmetry
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Crystal structure-Crystal systems, Bravais lattices
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Crystal structure-miller indices
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Crystal structure-simple crystal structures (S.C., BCC, FCC, CsCl, NaCl, diamond and Zinc Blende)
• Solid state physics & crystallography: X-ray diffraction-diffraction of X-rays by crystals, Bragg’s law, experimental techniques-Laue’s method and powder method
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Bonding in crystals-types of bonding in crystals-characteristics of crystals with different bondings
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Bonding in crystals-Lattice energy of ionic crystals-determination of Madelung constant for NaCl crystal
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Bonding in crystals-calculation of born coefficient and repulsive exponent
• Solid state physics & crystallography: Bonding in crystals-Born-Haber cycle

Physics: Unit 06

• Band theory of P-N junction: Energy band in solids (band theory), valence band, conduction band and forbidden energy gap in solids, insulators, semiconductors and pure or intrinsic semiconductors and impure or extrinsic semiconductors
• Band theory of P-N junction: N-type semiconductors, P-type semiconductors, fermi level, continuity equation
• Diodes: P-N junction diode, half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifier
• Diodes: Zener diode & its characteristics
• Diodes: Zener diode as voltage regulator
• Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)-p-n-p and n-p-n transistors, current components in transistors, CB, CE and CC configurations-transistor as an amplifier-RC coupled amplifier-frequency response (qualitative analysis)
• Feedback concept & oscillators: Feedback, general theory of feedback-concepts of oscillators, Barkhausen’s criteria, phase shift oscillator-expression for frequency of oscillation
• Special devices-construction and characteristics-photo diode-Shockley diode-solar cell, optocouplers-field effect transistor (FET)-FET as an amplifier-uni-junction transistor (UJT), UJT as a relaxation oscillator
• Special devices-silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)-SCR as a switch
• Digital electronics: Binary number system, conversion of binary to decimal and vice-versa
• Digital electronics: Binary addition and subtraction (1’s and 2’s complement methods)
• Digital electronics: Hexadecimal number system
• Digital electronics: Conversion from binary to hexadecimal and vice-versa, decimal to hexadecimal and vice-versa
• Logic gates: OR, AND, NOT gates, truth tables, realization of these gates using discrete components
• Logic gates: NAND, NOR as universal gates, exclusive-OR gate (EX-OR). De Morgan’s laws-verification

Statistics: Unit 01

• Univariate data-measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode with simple applications), measures of dispersion (definitions and simple examples), relative dispersion and their areas of application
• Importance of moments
• Central and non-central moments, Sheppard’s corrections for moments for grouped data
• Skewness and Kurtosis-their measures including those based on quartiles and moments with real life examples

Statistics: Unit 02

• Definition of probability, classical and relative frequency approach to probability, merits and demerits of these approaches
• Random experiment, sample point and sample space, definition of an event, operation of events
• Properties of probability based on axiomatic approach, addition theorem for ’n’ events, conditional probability, multiplication rule of probability for ‘n’ events, Boole’s inequality
• Independence of events, Bayes theorem and its applications (with examples of real life)

Statistics: Unit 03

• Notion of a random variable, distribution function and its properties
• Discrete random variable, probability mass function, continuous random variable, probability density function
• Transformation of one dimensional random variable (simple1-1 functions only)

Statistics: Unit 04

• Mathematical expectation of random variable and its properties
• Moments-raw and central moments with examples-definition of moment generating function (m.g.f), cumulant generating function (c.g.f)
• Probability generating function (p.g.f) and characteristic function, statements of their properties with applications
• Chebyshev’s inequality and its applications
• Statement and applications of weak law of large numbers and central limit theorem for i.i.d. random variables with finite variance

Statistics: Unit 05

• Standard discrete distributions and their properties such as m.g.f, c.g.f, p.g.f., characteristic function, moments up to fourth order of uniform, binomial, poisson, negative binomial, geometric and hypergeometric distributions
• Reproductive property wherever it exists
• Binomial approximation to hypergeometric, poisson approximation to binomial and negative binomial distributions
• Applications of these distributions in real life

Statistics: Unit 06

• Normal distribution-definition, properties and its importance in statistics
• Normal distribution as limiting case of binomial and poisson distributions
• Definitions and properties such as m.g.f, c.g.f, characteristic function, moments up to fourth order of rectangular, gamma, beta first and second kind distributions
• Exponential, and cauchy distributions
• Reproductive property wherever it exists
• Application of these distributions in real life
• Bivariate date
• Scattered diagram
• Principle of least squares, fitting of straight line, quadratic, power and exponential curves
• Product moment correlation coefficient and its properties, partial and multiple correlation coefficients (only for three variables)
• Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
• Simple linear regression, correlation and regression-comparison, coefficient of determination, correlation ratio
• Bivariate random variable-discrete and continuous, joint, marginal and conditional distributions, distribution function of bivariate random variable, statement of its properties, simple illustrations
• Mathematical expectation of bivariate random variable
• Covariance, additive and multiplication theorems of mathematical expectation, correlation coefficient and lines of regression with illustrations
• Concept of population, parameter, random sample, statistic
• Sampling distribution of the sum of observations from binomial, poisson and normal distribution, standard error
• Exact sampling distributions-statements and properties of x2, t and F distributions and inter relations

Statistics: Unit 07

• Point estimate of parameter, concept of bias and mean square error of an estimate
• Criteria of good estimator-consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency and sufficiency, statement of Neyman factorization theorem, derivations of sufficient statistics in binomial, poisson, normal and exponential cases (one parameter only)
• Estimation by the method of moments and maximum likelihood method. Statements of asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators
• Concept of interval estimation, confidence intervals of parameters of normal population

Statistics: Unit 08

• Concepts of null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, critical region, two types of errors, level of significance and power of a test
• Neyman-pearson lemma for testing a simple null hypothesis against a simple alternative and examples on the case of binomial, poisson, exponential and normal (for mean with known SD) distributions

Statistics: Unit 09

• Consistency of categorical data
• Independence and association of attributes, various measures of association for two-way data with real life examples

Statistics: Unit 10

• Use of central limit theorem for testing and interval estimation of a single mean and a single proportion and difference of two means and two proportions
• Fisher’s Z Transformation and its uses
• Tests of significance based on t, 2  and F distributions, 2  test for goodness of fit, test for independence of attributes
• Comparison of parametric and nonparametric tests, their advantages and disadvantages

Statistics: Unit 11

• One sample run test
• Sign test and Wilcoxon signed rank tests for one sample and two related samples
• Tests for two independent samples: Median test, Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U-test, Wald-Wolfowitz runs test (small and large samples)

Statistics: Unit 12

• Analysis of variance of one way and two way classifications
• Expectation of various sums of squares
• Importance and applications of designs of experiments, principal of experimentation
• Analysis of completely randomized design (CRD), randomized block design (RBD) and Latin Square Design (LSD) including one missing observation, comparison of their efficiencies, expectation of various sums of squares

Statistics: Unit 13

• Random numbers, drawing random samples, sample surveys versus census surveys
• Planning and execution of large scale sample surveys, notion of non-sampling errors, sources and treatment of non-sampling errors
• Estimation of population mean, population total, population proportion and variance of the estimators by-(i) simple random sampling with and without replacements, (ii) stratified random sampling with proportional and Neyman’s optimal allocation
• Estimation of population mean, population total, population proportion and variance of the estimators by-(iii) symmetric sampling with N = nk. Comparison of their efficiencies

Statistics: Unit 14

• Components of time series, determination of trend by graphical, semi average, least squares and moving average methods
• Determination of seasonal indices by simple averages, ratio to moving averages, ratio to trend and link relative methods

Statistics: Unit 15

• Construction, uses and limitations of Index numbers
• Simple and weighted index numbers, consistency tests for an index number, base shifting, splicing and deflation
• Fixed and chain base index numbers
• Cost of living index numbers and wholesale price index numbers

Statistics: Unit 16

• Introduction, demand and supply, price elasticity of supply and demand, methods of determining demand and supply curves-time series data, Leontief’s method of finding demand curve from time series data
• Limitations of the method, Pigou’s method from time series data, Pareto’s law of Income distribution, curve of concentration

Statistics: Unit 17

• Rates and ratios, standardized rates, fertility and reproduction rates, construction and uses of complete and abridged life tables
• Functions and organization of CSO and NSSO
• Agricultural statistics, area and yield statistics
• National income and its computation
• Utilities and difficulties in estimation of national income

Zoology: Unit 01

• Digestion: Digestion definition and extra and intracellular digestion. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and cellulose. Absorption and assimilation of digested food; role of gastrointestinal hormones in digestion
• Respiration: Definition of respiration and respiratory mechanisms-external, internal and cellular. Respiratory pigments; transport of oxygen, oxygen dissociation curves. Bohr’s effect
• Respiration: Transport of CO2-chloride shift; regulation of respiration-nervous and chemical
• Circulation: Types of circulation-open and closed circulation structure of mammalian heart, types of hearts-neurogenic and myogenic; heart function-conduction and regulation of heart beat
• Circulation: Regulation of heart rate-tachycardia and bradycardia; blood clotting mechanism
• Excretion: Classification of animals on the basis of excretory products ammonotelic, uricotelic, ureotelic, structure and function of nephron. Urine formation, counter current mechanism
• Homeostasis and enzymes: Concept of homeostasis. Mechanism of homeostasis. Osmoregulation-water and ionic regulation by freshwater, brackish water and marine animals, enzymes-definition, classification, inhibition and regulation
• Biomolecules and metabolism carbohydrates: Classification and function of carbohydrates, carbohydrate metabolism-glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
• Biomolecules and metabolism carbohydrates: Proteins-classification of proteins based on functions and chemical nature, protein metabolism-transamination, deamination and urea cycle, lipids-classification of lipids
• Biomolecules and metabolism carbohydrates: Lipid metabolism-fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation

Zoology: Unit 02

• Muscle contraction: Types of muscles, ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibre, sliding filament theory, muscle contraction mechanism and energetics
• Nerve impulse: Structure of neuron, nerve impulse-resting potential and action potential and conduction of nerve impulse, synapse, types of synapses and synaptic transmission
• Endocrine system: Endocrine glands-structure, secretions and functions of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas, hormone action and concept of secondary messengers, male and female hormones
• Endocrine system: Hormonal control of menstrual cycle in humans

Zoology: Unit 03

• Immunology-basic concepts; antigens and antibodies: Basic concepts of immunology. Cells of immune system, primary and secondary organs of immune system, types of immunity-innate and acquired, basic properties of antigens, structure
• Immunology-basic concepts; antigens and antibodies: Function and types of an antibody. B and T cell epitopes, haptens, adjuvants. Antigen-antibody reactions, T-cell and B-cell activation, monoclonal antibodies and their production
• Working of an immune system; immune system in health and disease: Structure and functions of major histocompatibility complex. Basic properties and functions of cytokines, interferons and complement proteins, humoral and cell mediated immunity
• Working of an immune system; immune system in health and disease: Types of hypersensitivity. Concepts of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Introduction to vaccines and types of vaccines
• Animal biotechnology and genetically modified organisms: Concept and scope of animal biotechnology. Cloning vectors-plasmids, cosmids, lambda bacteriophage, YAC cloning-cloning methods (cell, animal and gene cloning) animal cell culture
• Animal biotechnology and genetically modified organisms: Equipment and materials for animal cell culture; applications of cell culture techniques recombinant DNA technology and its applications, transgenesis-methods of transgenesis
• Animal biotechnology and genetically modified organisms: Production of transgenic animals and application of transgenic animals in biotechnology. Stem cells-types and their applications

Zoology: Unit 04

• Brief history of invertebrates: Kingdom animalia, brief history of invertebrates
• Protozoa: General characters classification up to classes with examples, type study-elphidium, life cycle of plasmodium. Locomotion, reproduction and diseases
• Porifera: General characters, classification of porifera up to classes with examples, type study-sycon, canal system in sponges and spicules
• Cnidaria: General characters, classification of cnidaria up to classes with examples, type study-obelia, polymorphism in hydrozoa, corals and coral reef formation
• Platyhelminthes: General characters classification of platyhelminthes up to classes with examples, type study-schistosoma
• Nemathelminthes: General characters classification of nemathelminthes up to classes with examples type study-dracunculus, parasitic adaptations in helminthes
• Annelida: General characters, classification of annelida up to classes with examples type study-hirudinaria granulosa. Evolutionary significance of coelom and coelomoducts and metamerism
• Arthropoda: General characters, classification of arthropoda up to classes with examples, type study-prawn, crustacean larvae, insect metamorphosis, peripatus-structure and affinities
• Mollusca: General characters, classification of mollusca up to classes with examples, type study-pila, pearl formation, torsion and detorsion in gastropods
• Echinodermata: General characters, classification of echinodermata up to classes with examples, water vascular system in starfish, echinoderm larvae and their significance
• Hemichordata: General characters, classification of hemichordata up to classes with examples, balanoglossus-structure and affinities

Zoology: Unit 05

• Ecology-I: Ecosystem structure and functions. Types of ecosystems-aquatic and terrestrial. Biogeochemical cycles-nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus and water. Energy flow in ecosystem. Food chain, food web and ecological pyramids
• Ecology-I: Animal associations-mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, competition, predation
• Ecology-II: Concept of species, population dynamics and growth curves. Community structure and dynamics and ecological succession. Ecological adaptations. Environmental pollution-sources, effect and control measures of air, water, soil and noise pollution
• Ecology-II: Wildlife conservation-national parks and sanctuaries of India, endangered species. Biodiversity and hotspots of biodiversity in India
• Zoogeography: Zoogeographical regions-palaearctic, nearctic, neotropical, oriental, australian and ethiopian regions-their climatic and faunal peculiarities, wallace line, discontinuous distribution continental drift
• Animal behaviour: Types of behaviour-innate and acquired, instinctive and motivated behavior, taxes, reflexes, tropisms, biological rhythms and types of rhythms, trial and error learning, imprinting, habituation, classical conditioning
• Animal behaviour: Instrumental conditioning, social behavior, communication, pheromones, biological rhythms, biological clocks, circadian rhythms

Zoology: Unit 06

• Urochordata, cephalochordata, cyclostomata: Salient features of urochordata, retrogressive, metamorphosis and its significance in urochordata, salient features and affinities of cephalochordata general characters of cyclostomata
• Comparison of the petromyzon and myxine
• Urochordata, cephalochordata, cyclostomata: General characters and classification of chordata upto orders with examples
• Pisces: General characters of fishes, classification of fishes up to order level with examples, scoliodon-respiratory, circulatory and nervous system. Types of scales and types of fins
• Amphibia: General characters of amphibians, classification of amphibians up to orders with examples. Rana tigrina-respiratory, circulatory and nervous system. Parental care in amphibian; neoteny and paedogenesis
• Reptilia: General characters of reptilia, classification of reptilia up to orders with examples, calotes-respiratory system, circulatory and nervous system. Temporal fossa in reptiles and its evolutionary importance
• Reptilia: Distinguished characters of poisonous and non poisonous snakes. Rhynchocephalia
• Aves: General characters of aves, classification of aves up to orders with examples. Columba livia-, digestive system, circulatory systems, respiratory system and nervous, system. Migration in birds, flight adaptation in birds
• Mammalia: General characters of mammalia, classification of mammalia up to orders with examples rabbit-digestive, respiratory, circulatory and nervous system. Dentition in mammals. Aquatic adaptations in mammals
• Developmental biology and embryology: Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis) fertilization, types of eggs, types of cleavages
• Developmental biology and embryology: Development of frog up to formation of primary germ layers formation of foetal membrane in chick embryo and their functions, types and functions of placenta in mammals, regeneration in turbellaria and lizards

Zoology: Unit 07

• Cell biology: Ultrastructure of animal cell, structure and functions of plasma membrane proteins. Structure and functions of cell organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrosomes
• Cell biology: Mitochondria and nucleus chromosomes-structure, types, giant chromosomes, cell division-mitosis, meiosis
• Molecular biology: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-structure, RNA (Ribonucleic acid)-structure, types, DNA replication, protein synthesis-transcription and translation, gene expression-genetic code; operon concept
• Molecular biology: Molecular biology techniques-polymerase chain reaction, electrophoresis
• Genetics: Mendel's laws of inheritance and non-mendelian inheritance, linkage and crossing over, sex determination and sex-linked inheritance, chromosomal mutations-deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, aneuploidy and polyploidy
• Genetics: Gene mutations-induced versus spontaneous mutations. Inborn errors of metabolism
• Evolution: Theories of evolution-lamarckism and neo-lamarckism, darwinism and neo-darwinism, modern synthetic theory. Evidences of evolution and Hardy Weinberg law. Forces of evolution-mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection
• Evolution: Isolation-premating and postmating isolating mechanisms, speciation-methods of speciation-allopatric and sympatric

Biotechnology: Unit 01

• Coordination compounds, applications of coordination compounds, organometallic chemistry, metal carbonyls and related compounds, boranes and carboranes, inorganic reaction mechanisms, bioinorganic chemistry, hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB)
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives, synthesis based on carbanions, nitro hydrocarbons, amines, cyanides and isocyanides, heterocyclic compounds, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, pericyclic reactions, synthetic strategies, asymmetric synthesis
• Electrochemistry and Emf, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics
• Photochemistry, molecular spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy
• S-block elements, P-block elements, chemistry of zero group elements, chemistry of d-block elements, chemistry of f-block elements, general principles of inorganic qualitative analysis, symmetry of molecules
• Non-aqueous solvents, chemical bonding, molecular orbital theory, theory of quantitative analysis, theories of bonding in metals
• Structural theory in organic chemistry, acyclic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, arenes and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, halogen compounds, alcohols, phenols, ethers and epoxides, carbonyl compounds
• Conformational analysis, stereochemistry of carbon compounds
• Atomic structure and elementary quantum mechanics, gaseous state, liquid state, solutions, dilute solutions and colligative properties, solid state chemistry
• Phase rule, colloids and surface chemistry, adsorption, material science, nano materials, evaluation of analytical data

Biotechnology: Unit 02

• Cell as basic unit of living organisms-bacterial, fungal, plant and animal cells, structure of chromosome-morphology, components of chromosomes (histones and nonhistones), specialized chromosomes (polytene, lampbrush)
• Chromosomal aberrations-structural and numerical, eukaryotic cell cycle-phases, mitosis-stages (spindle assembly)-significance, meiosis-stages (synaptonemal complex)-significance, apoptosis
• Mendel’s experiments-factors contributing to success of Mendel’s experiments, law of segregation-monohybrid ratio; law of independent assortment-dihybrid ratio, trihybrid ratio, X-Y chromosomes-sex determination in drosophila, birds, man, bonellia
• X-linked inheritance-hemophilia and color blindness; X-inactivation; Y Linked inheritance-holandric genes, linkage and recombination-cytological proof of crossing over, phases of linkage, recombination frequency, gene mapping and map distance

Biotechnology: Unit 03

• DNA as the genetic material-Griffith’s experiments on transformation in streptococcus pneumonia, hershey-chase experiments, avery, MacLeod and McCarty’s experiments, RNA as genetic material tobacco mosaic virus
• Structure and forms of DNA (A, B and Z), genome organization in prokaryotes, genome organization in eukaryotes, C-value and C-value paradox, reassociation kinetics-cot curve, denaturation, renaturation, Tm curve, kinetic classes of DNA-unique sequences
• Moderately repeated and highly repeated sequences; tandem repeats (satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite), interspersed repeats (SINES-eg: Alu repeats, LINES); palindromic sequences and transposable genetic elements
• DNA replication-enzymes; semi conservative DNA replication-Meselson and Stahl experiment; linear, circular, rolling circle, theta, D loop models, mutation-spontaneous, induced (frame shift, transition, transversion), physical and chemical mutagens
• DNA damage-intrinsic and extrinsic factors, DNA repair-direct, excision and methyl mediated mismatch, recombinational and SOS repair, DNA recombination-homologous
• Site specific recombination and NHEJ (non-homologous end joining). Bioinformatics-storage of databases in DNA (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ), protein data banks (PDB, SWISS-PROT, UNIPROT, PIR) and their utilization, data retrieval tools-BLAST, ENTREZ

Biotechnology: Unit 04

• Biomolecules-carbohydrates-importance, classification; structure and functions of monosaccharides (glucose & fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose & maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen & insulin)
• Amino acids-importance, classification, structure, physical and chemical properties of amino acids; peptide bond formation, proteins-importance, structure of proteins primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
• Lipids-importance, classification-simple lipids (triacylglycerides & waxes), complex lipids (phospholipids & glycolipids), derived lipids (steroids, terpenes & carotenoids)
• Fatty acids-importance, classification-saturated (palmitic acid, arachidic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid & linoleic acid), enzymes-importance, classification and nomenclature
• Michaelis-menten equation, factors influencing the enzyme reactions; enzyme inhibition (competitive, uncompetitive & mixed), coenzymes
• Probability, probability distribution binomial, poisson and normal distributions
• Test of significance-null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis, chi-square test-degrees of freedom and their applications to biology (goodness of fit), analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and their applications to biology

Biotechnology: Unit 05

• Glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis and its significance
• Transamination and oxidative deamination reactions of amino acids and β-oxidation of fatty acids colorimetry-Beer and Lambert’s laws and UV-vis spectrophotometry
• Principle and applications of chromatography (paper, thin layer & HPLC), electrophoresis (agarose & SDS-PAGE), principle and applications of centrifugation (preparative & analytical)

Biotechnology: Unit 06

• Historical development of microbiology and contributors of microbiology, outlines of classification of microorganisms, structure and general characteristics of bacteria and virus, disease causing pathogens and symptoms (eg-mycobacterium, hepatitis)
• Methods of sterilization-physical and chemical methods, bacteriological media-LB media, EMB agar; identification of bacteria by staining methods, bacterial growth curve and factors affecting bacterial growth, fungal media-PDA, sabouraud's agar
• Types of immunity-innate and adaptive immunity, cells of the immune system: T-cells (helper and cytotoxic cells), B-cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, basophils and dendritic cells, primary organs of immune system-thymus and bone marrow
• Secondary organs of immune system-spleen and lymph nodes antigens-immunogenicity vs antigenicity, factors affecting antigenicity, epitopes, haptens & types of adjuvants, humoral and cell mediated immunity
• Structure of immunoglobulin; types and functions of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE & IgD)

Biotechnology: Unit 07

• Structure of prokaryotic gene (promoter, initiator & terminator regions), structure and functions of RNA polymerase transcription mechanism-initiation, elongation & proofreading, termination, genetic code-properties
• Deciphering of genetic code, wobble hypothesis, aminoacylation, translation mechanism-initiation, elongation and termination, operon concept, lac operon
• Gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes-structure of eukaryotic gene (promoter, exons, introns, terminator, enhancer & silencer), transcriptional machinery in eukaryotes (RNA polymerases)
• Gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes-structures and transcriptional factors (basic, upstream & regulatory)
• Transcription-initiation (formation of transcriptome), elongation and termination, post-transcriptional modifications-capping, polyadenylation, splicing (self & protein mediated) and alternative splicing, translation-initiation, elongation and termination
• Enzymes useful in molecular cloning: Restriction endonuclease, DNA ligases, polynucleotide kinase, klenow enzyme, DNA polymerase-I, reverse transcriptase, alkaline phosphatase, terminal nucleotidyl transferase, cloning vectors-PBR322, bacteriophage
• Enzymes useful in molecular cloning: Cosmid, phagemid, shuttle vectors, gene transfer techniques-physical, chemical and biological methods, polymerase chain reaction and its applications

Biotechnology: Unit 08

• Industrial biotechnology-scope and applications, exploitation of microorganisms and their products, principles of fermentation technology, types of fermentation, microbial production of organic acids (lactic acid, citric acid)
• Amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine), fermentation by microbes for food additives-dairy products (cheese, yogurt), beverages (beer, wine) and antibiotics (streptomycin, erythromycin)
• Therapeutic drugs: Recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, insulin, vitamins, biofuel-hydrogen, alcohol, methane

Nutrition & dietetics: Unit 01

• Carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals-classification, sources, functions, deficiencies, nutritional significance, digestion, absorption and metabolism
• Enzymes and its classification and action; water and electrolyte balance

Nutrition & dietetics: Unit 02

• Cereals & millets, pulses & legumes, milk & milk products, egg & fleshy foods, vegetables & fruits, sugar & sugar products, fats & oils-composition, nutritive value, methods of processing, nutrient losses, uses & storage, anti-nutritional factors
• Food spoilage and preservation

Nutrition & dietetics: Unit 03

• Balanced diet, RDA, food groups, food pyramid, food exchange list, nutritional requirements for different age groups

Nutrition & dietetics: Unit 04

• Disorders of malnutrition, GIT disorders, obesity, hepatic diseases, renal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer & inborn errors of metabolism-etiology, symptoms and dietary management

Nutrition & dietetics: Unit 05

• Food borne disorders; food adulteration and contaminants, personal hygiene; communicable diseases-causes, symptoms and treatment
• Assessment of nutritional status; national & international agencies in community nutrition

Food science & technology: Unit 01

• Carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals-classification, sources, functions, deficiencies, nutritional significance, digestion, absorption and metabolism
• Enzymes and its classification and action; water and electrolyte balance

Food science & technology: Unit 02

• Atomic structure, gaseous state, electrochemistry, thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, chemical kinetics, chemical bonding, periodic properties of s-and p-block elements, nomenclature
• structure and reactivity of organic compounds, types of reactions, structural and optical isomerism, carbohydrates, amino acids, heterocyclic compounds, basics of molecular spectroscopy and radioactivity

Food science & technology: Unit 03

• Cereals & millets, pulses & legumes, milk & milk products, egg & fleshy foods, vegetables & fruits, sugar & sugar products, fats & oils-composition, nutritive value, methods of processing, nutrient losses, uses & storage, anti-nutritional factors
• Food adulteration, food laws and food safety

Food science & technology: Unit 04

• Introduction to microbiology and its relevance to everyday life-general morphology of microorganisms-general characteristics of bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa, algae
• Microbiology of foods-cereals based products, meat, poultry, eggs, fruits, vegetables, milk, milk products, salts sugars etc
• Role of microorganisms in fermented foods-bread, malt beverages, wine, vinegar, butter and cheese etc
• Food poisoning and their causative organisms, food borne infections

Food science & technology: Unit 05

• General principles of food processing , preservation by high and low temperature, drying irradiation, sugar, salt etc
• Preparation of jams, jellies, marmalades, juices, squashes, ketchup, pickles and chutneys
• Preparation of milk products-cheese condensed and evaporated milk, whole and skim milk powder and ice cream

Food science & technology: Unit 06

• Balanced diet, RDA, food groups, food pyramid, food exchange list, nutritional requirements for different age groups
• Disorders of malnutrition, GIT disorders, obesity, hypertension, renal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer & inborn errors of metabolism-etiology, symptoms and dietary management

Sericulture: Unit 01

• Origin and history of sericulture, silk road, distribution of sericulture in India and world, CSB
• Salient features of class insecta-classification of mulberry silk worm
• Characteristic features of order lepidoptera and bombycidae, saturniidae families
• Economical importance of insects, by products of mulberry silk worm and value addition, silkworm seed farms
• Morphology, lifecycle, hormones, receptors, digestive, circulatory, nervous, reproductive (male and female) systems and silk gland of silkworm

Sericulture: Unit 02

• Types of rearing houses, rearing appliances, disinfectants
• Disinfection of rearing house and appliances
• Chawki and late age worm rearing, leaf harvesting methods, types of mountages, cocoon sorting
• Stifling and cocoon markets

Sericulture: Unit 03

• Types of cocoon cooking (open pan, three pan, pressurised floating and sunken system)
• Types of reeling machines
• Raw silk properties (physical and chemical)

Sericulture: Unit 04

• Protozoan, bacterial, viral and fungal diseases, pests of silkworm

Sericulture: Unit 05

• Host plants of vanya silk worms and its botanical distribution, morphology and life cycle of vanya silk worms
• Diseases and pests, by products and value addition of vanya silk worms

Sericulture: Unit 06

• Distribution and taxonomy of moracea, plant diseases (mosaic, yellows, canker, little leaf, leaf rust and powder mildews)
• Phytohormones-(auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins) their role in vegetative propagation and leaf quality
• Influence and environmental factors for growth of mulberry
• Role of soil, water, light, temperature and biotic factors on structure of plant communities
• Inorganic nutrients and their role in plant nutrition and symptoms of their deficiency, physiology of biomass, productivity with reference to leaf yield

Sericulture: Unit 07

• Systematic position of disease causing protozoans (amoeba, entamoeba, plasmodium and trypanosoma)
• Helminth parasites (schistosoma, echinococcus, paragonimus and trichinella)
• Cell components, protein synthesis, parasitism, symbiosis and commensalism
• Physiological importance of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and enzymes

Sericulture: Unit 08

• Recombinant DNA technology, PCR techniques and its applications
• Applications of R-DNA technology in agriculture and medicine
• Plant tissue culture and its applications

Sericulture: Unit 09

• Classification, characteristics and ultrastructure of microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, actinomycetes, mycoplasma and viruses)
• Biofertilizers and single cell proteins

Data science: Unit 01

• Data and information, acquisition of numbers and textual data, central processing unit, computer networks, input output devices, computer software, the software problem
• Programming principles and guidelines

Data science: Unit 02

• Introduction to computing and problem solving
• Introduction to python programming
• Control flow statements
• Functions
• Strings
• Files and exception
• Object-oriented programming
• Functional programming

Data science: Unit 03

• Data science; files and working with text data, working with text data
• Working with text data, regular expression operations, working with databases, working with tabular numeric data (numpy with python), working with data series and frames, plotting (plotting with pandas)

Data science: Unit 04

• Introduction, limits of learning, geometry and nearest neighbours, the perceptron, practical issues, linear models, probabilistic modeling, neural networks, unsupervised learning, association rules

Data science: Unit 05

• Language processing and python, accessing text corpora and lexical resources, processing raw text, categorizing and tagging words, learning to classify text, deep learning for NLP, extracting information from text, analysing sentence structure

Data science: Unit 06

• Why NoSQL, aggregate data models, more details on data models, distribution models, consistency, version stamps, map-reduce, key-value databases, document databases, column-family stores, graph databases

Data science: Unit 07

• Getting an overview of big data, introducing technologies for handling big data, understanding hadoop ecosystem, hadoop distributed file system, introducing Hbase
• Understanding mapreduce fundamentals and Hbase, understanding big data technology foundations, storing data in databases and data warehouses, NoSQL data management

Data science: Unit 08

• Introduction to deep learning algorithms, neural networks, scalars (0D tensors), vectors (1D tensors), matrices (2D tensors), 3D tensors and higher-dimensional tensors, key attributes, manipulating tensors in numpy, the notion of data batches
• Realworld examples of data tensors, vector data, time series data or sequence data, image data, video data
• Tensor operations: Element-wise operations, broadcasting, tensor dot. tensor reshaping, geometric interpretation of tensor operations, a geometric interpretation of deep learning, gradient-based optimization
• Derivative of a tensor operation, stochastic gradient descent
• Chaining derivatives-the backpropagation algorithm neural networks: Anatomy, layers, models, loss functions and optimizers
• Introduction to keras, keras, tensorflow, theano, and CNTK, recurrent neural networks: A recurrent layer in keras, understanding the LSTM and GRU layers

Bio-technology (5 years integrated): Unit 01

Bio-technology (5 years integrated): Unit 02

Bio-technology (5 years integrated): Unit 03

Chemistry (5 years integrated): Unit 01

Chemistry (5 years integrated): Unit 02

Chemistry (5 years integrated): Unit 03

Chemistry (5 years integrated): Unit 04

Economics (5 years integrated): Unit 01

Economics (5 years integrated): Unit 02

Economics (5 years integrated): Unit 03

Economics (5 years integrated): Unit 04

Economics (5 years integrated): Unit 05

Master of business management (5 years integrated): Unit 01

Master of business management (5 years integrated): Unit 02

Master of business management (5 years integrated): Unit 03

Master of business management (5 years integrated): Unit 04

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Chemistry): Unit 01

• Applications of coordination compounds, organometallic chemistry, metal carbonyls and related compounds, bioinorganic chemistry, hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB)
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives, synthesis based on carbanions, nitro hydrocarbons, amines, cyanides and isocyanides, heterocyclic compounds, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, electrochemistry and emf, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics
• Photochemistry
• P-block elements, chemistry of zero group elements, chemistry of d-block elements, chemistry of f-block elements, general principles of inorganic qualitative analysis, chemical bonding, molecular orbital theory, theory of quantitative analysis
• Theories of bonding in metals
• Structural theory in organic chemistry, acyclic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogen compounds, alcohols, phenols, ethers and epoxides, carbonyl compounds, conformational analysis, stereochemistry of carbon compounds
• Atomic structure and elementary quantum mechanics, gaseous state, liquid state, solutions, dilute solutions and colligative properties, solid state chemistry, phase rule, colloids and surface chemistry, adsorption, evaluation of analytical data

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Physics): Unit 01

• Vector analysis: Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its physical significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field and related problems. Vector integration, line, surface and volume integrals
• Vector analysis: Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems-simple applications
• Mechanics of particles: Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, motion of a rocket, multi-stage rocket, conservation of energy and momentum. Collisions in two and three dimensions, concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section
• Mechanics of rigid bodies: Definition of Rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation of motion for a rotating body, angular momentum and inertial tensor. Euler’s equation, precession of a top, gyroscope
• Central forces: Central forces-definition and examples, conservative nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of potential energy, equation of motion under a central force, gravitational potential and gravitational field
• Central forces: Motion under inverse square law, derivation of Kepler’s laws, Coriolis force and its expressions
• Special theory of relativity: Galilean relativity, absolute frames, Michelson-Morley experiment, postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation
• Special theory of relativity: Concept of four vector formalism

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Physics): Unit 02

• Fundamentals of vibrations: Simple harmonic oscillator, and solution of the differential equation-physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum, -measurements of rigidity modulus, compound pendulum
• Fundamentals of vibrations: Measurement of ‘g’, combination of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies, Lissajous figures
• Damped and forced oscillations: Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential equation of damped oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with undamped harmonic oscillator, logarithmic decrement, relaxation time
• Damped and forced oscillations: Quality factor, differential equation of forced oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance, velocity resonance. Coupled oscillators
• Vibrating strings: Transverse wave propagation along a stretched string, general solution of wave equation and its significance, modes of vibration of stretched string clamped at ends, overtones, energy transport, transverse impedance
• Vibrations of bars: Longitudinal vibrations in bars-wave equation and its general solution. Special cases-(i) bar fixed at both ends, (ii) bar fixed at the mid point, (iii) bar free at both ends, (iv) bar fixed at one end
• Vibrations of bars: Transverse vibrations in a bar-wave equation and its general solution. Boundary conditions, clamped free bar, free-free bar, bar supported at both ends, tuning fork

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Physics): Unit 03

• Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction-deduction of Maxwell's law of distribution of molecular speeds, transport phenomena-viscosity of gases-thermal conductivity-diffusion of gases
• Thermodynamics: Basics of thermodynamics-Kelvin‟s and Clausius statements-thermodynamic scale of temperature-entropy, physical significance-change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes-entropy and disorder-entropy of universe
• Thermodynamics: Temperature-entropy (T-S) diagram-change of entropy of a perfect gas change of entropy when ice changes into steam
• Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: Thermodynamic potentials derivation of Maxwell's thermodynamic relations-Clausius-Clapeyron's equation derivation for ratio of specific heats-derivation for difference of two specific heats for perfect gas
• Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: Joule Kelvin effect-expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Van Der Waals gas
• Low temperature physics: Joule Kelvin effect-liquefaction of gas using porous plug experiment. Joule expansion-distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion-expression for Joule Thomson cooling-liquefaction of helium
• Low temperature physics: Kapitza‟s method-adiabatic demagnetization-production of low temperatures-principle of refrigeration, vapour compression type
• Quantum theory of radiation: Black body-Ferry's black body-distribution of energy in the spectrum of black body-Wien's displacement law, Wien's law, Rayleigh-Jeans law-quantum theory of radiation-Planck's law-deduction of Wines distribution law
• Quantum theory of radiation: Rayleigh-Jeans law, Stefan's law from Planck's law. Measurement of radiation using pyrometers-disappearing filament optical pyrometer-experimental determination-angstrom pyrheliometer-determination of solar constant
• Quantum theory of radiation: Effective temperature of sun
• Statistical mechanics: Introduction, postulates of statistical mechanics. Phase space, concept of ensembles and some known ensembles, classical and quantum statistics and their differences, concept of probability, Maxwell-Boltzmann's distribution law
• Statistical mechanics: Molecular energies in an ideal gas-Maxwell-Boltzmann‟s velocity distribution law, Bose-Einstein distribution law, Fermi-Dirac distribution law, comparison of three distribution laws
• Statistical mechanics: Application of B-E distribution to photons-planck's radiation formula, application of Fermi Dirac statistics to white dwarfs and neutron stars

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Physics): Unit 04

• Interference: Principle of superposition-coherence-temporal coherence and spatial coherence-conditions for interference of light
• Interference by division of wave front: Fresnel's biprism-determination of wavelength of light. Determination of thickness of a transparent material using Biprism-change of phase on reflection-Lloyd's mirror experiment
• Interference by division of amplitude: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected and transmitted light (Cosine law)-colours of thin films-non reflecting films-interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a point source
• Interference by division of amplitude: Interference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (wedge shaped film)-determination of diameter of wire-Newton's rings in reflected light with and without contact between lens and glass plate
• Interference by division of amplitude: Newton's rings in transmitted light (Haidinger Fringes)-determination of wavelength of monochromatic light-Michelson interferometer-types of fringes-determination of wavelength of monochromatic light
• Interference by division of amplitude: Difference in wavelength of sodium D1,D2 lines and thickness of a thin transparent plate
• Diffraction: Introduction-distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction-diffraction due to single slit and circular aperture-limit of resolution-Fraunhofer diffraction due to double slit
• Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction pattern with N slits (diffraction grating) resolving power of grating-determination of wavelength of light in normal and oblique incidence methods using diffraction grating. Fresnel diffraction
• Diffraction: Fresnel's half period zones-area of the half period zones-zone plate-comparison of zone plate with convex lens-phase reversal zone plate-diffraction at a straight edge-difference between interference and diffraction
• Polarization: Polarized light-methods of polarization, polarization by reflection, refraction, double refraction, selective absorption, scattering of light-Brewsters law-Malus law-Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer
• Polarization: Refraction of plane wave incident on negative and positive crystals (Huygens explanation)-quarter wave plate, half wave plate-Babinet's compensator-optical activity, analysis of light by Laurent's half shade polarimeter
• Aberrations and fiber optics: Introduction-monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration-the achromatic doublet
• Aberrations and fiber optics: Removal of chromatic aberration of a separated doublet. Fiber optics-introduction-optical fibers-principles of fiber communication-step and graded index fibers-rays and modes in an optical fiber
• Aberrations and fiber optics: Fiber material-types of optical fibers and advantages of fiber communication
• Electromagnetism, electrostatics: Electric field-concept of electric field lines and electric flux, Gauss's law (integral and differential forms), application to linear, plane and spherical charge distributions. Conservative nature of electric field E
• Electromagnetism, electrostatics: Irrotational field. Electric potential-concept of electric potential, relation between electric potential and electric field, potential energy of a system of charges. Energy density in an electric field
• Electromagnetism, electrostatics: Calculation of potential from electric field for a spherical charge distribution
• Magnetostatics: Concept of magnetic field B and magnetic flux, Biot-Savart's law, B due to a straight current carrying conductor. Force on a point charge in a magnetic field. Properties of B, curl and divergence of B, solenoidal field
• Magnetostatics: Integral form of Ampere's law, applications of Ampere's law-field due to straight, circular and solenoidal currents. Energy stored in magnetic field. Magnetic energy in terms of current and inductance
• Magnetostatics: Magnetic force between two current carrying conductors. Magnetic field intensity. Ballistic galvanometer-torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field, working principle of B.G., current and charge sensitivity
• Magnetostatics: Electromagnetic damping, critical damping resistance
• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's laws of induction (differential and integral form), Lenz's law, self and mutual induction. Continuity equation, modification of Ampere's law, displacement current, maxwell equations
• Electromagnetic waves: Maxwell's equations in vacuum and dielectric medium, boundary conditions, plane wave equation-transverse nature of EM waves, velocity of light in vacuum and in medium, polarization, reflection and transmission
• Electromagnetic waves: Polarization of EM waves, Brewster's angle, description of linear, circular and elliptical polarization

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Modern Physics): Unit 01

• Brief review of black body radiation, photoelectric effect, compton effect, dual nature of radiation, wave nature of particles
• Atomic spectra, line spectra of hydrogen atom, Ritz Rydberg combination principle
• Alpha particle scattering, Rutherford scattering formula, Rutherford model of atom and its limitations, Bohr's model of H atom, explanation of atomic spectra, correction for finite mass of the nucleus, Bohr correspondence principle
• Limitations of Bohr model, discrete energy exchange by atom, Frank Hertz Expt. Sommerfeld's modification of Bohr's theory
• Wave particle Duality de Broglie hypothesis, experimental confirmation of matter wave, davisson Germer experiment, velocity of de Broglie wave, wave particle duality, complementarity
• Superposition of two waves, phase velocity and group velocity, wave packets, Gaussian wave packet , spatial distribution of wave packet, localization of wave packet in time
• Time development of a wave packet; wave particle duality, complementarity
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle, illustration of the principle through experiments of Gamma ray microscope and electron diffraction through a slit
• Time independent and time dependent Schrodinger wave equation
• Estimation of ground state energy of harmonic oscillator and hydrogen atom, non-existence of electron in the nucleus
• Uncertainty and complementarities
• Nuclear physics size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight; impossibility of an electron being in the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle
• Nature of nuclear force, NZ graph, liquid drop model-semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy, nuclear shell model and magic numbers. Radioactivity-stability of the nucleus; law of radioactive decay; mean life and half-life; alpha decay
• Beta decay-energy released, spectrum and Pauli's prediction of neutrino; Gamma ray emission, energy-momentum conservation-electron-positron pair creation by gamma photons in the vicinity of a nucleus
• Fission and fusion-mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; fission-nature of fragments and emission of neutrons
• Nuclear reactor: Slow neutrons interacting with uranium 235; fusion and thermonuclear reactions driving stellar energy (brief qualitative discussions), classification of elementary particles

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 01

• Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance. An outline of plant diseases of important crop plants caused by bacteria and their control with reference to angular leaf spot of cotton and bacterial blight of rice
• Bacteria: Brief account of archaebacteria, actinomycetes. General account of mycoplasma with reference to Little leaf of brinjal and papaya leaf curl
• Viruses: Structure, replication and transmission; plant diseases caused by viruses and their control with reference to tobacco mosaic and rice tungro

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 02

• Algae: General characters, structure, reproduction and classification of algae (Fritsch)
• Cyanobacteria: General characters, cell structure, thallus organisation and their significance as biofertilizers with special reference to oscillatoria, nostoc and anabaena
• Structure and reproduction of the following: Chlorophyceae-volvox, oedogonium, chara. Phaeophyceae-ectocarpus. Rhodophyceae-polysiphonia

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 03

• Fungi: General characters and classification of fungi (Ainsworth). Structure and reproduction of the following: Mastigomycotina-Albugo, Zygomycota-Mucor, Ascomycota-Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Basidiomycota-Puccinia, Deuteromycotina-Cercospora
• Lichens: Ecological and economic importance

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 04

• Bryophytes: Structure, reproduction, life cycle and systematic position of marchantia, anthoceros and polytrichum. Evolution of sporophyte in bryophytes
• Pteridophytes: Structure, reproduction, life cycle and systematic position of rhynia, lycopodium, equisetum and marsilea. Stelar evolution, heterospory and seed habit in pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms: General characters, structure, reproduction and classification (sporne’s). Distribution and economic importance of gymnosperms. Morphology of vegetative and reproductive parts, systematic position and life cycle of pinus and gnetum
• Palaeobotany: Introduction, fossils, types of fossils and fossilization, importance of fossils. Geological time scale

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 05

• Principles of plant systematics
• Types of classification: Artificial, natural and phylogenetic; systems of classification-salient features and comparative account of bentham & hooker and engler & prantl. An introduction to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG)
• Current concepts in angiosperm taxonomy: Embryology in relation to taxonomy, cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy. Nomenclature and taxonomic resources-an introduction to ICN, Shenzhen code-a brief account
• Current concepts in angiosperm taxonomy: Herbarium-concept, techniques and applications. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging to the families; annonaceae, capparidaceae, rutaceae
• Current concepts in angiosperm taxonomy: Fabaceae (faboideae/ papilionoideae, caesalpinioideae, mimosoideae), cucurbitaceae, apiaceae, asteraceae, asclepiadaceae, lamiaceae, amaranthaceae, euphorbiaceae, monocotyledons-orchidaceae and poaceae
• Current concepts in angiosperm taxonomy: Zingiberaceae

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 06

• Component of ecosystem, energy flow, food chain and food webs
• Plants and environment, ecological adaptations of plants, hydrophytes, xerophytes and mesophytes
• Plant succession seral stages, modification of environment, climax formation with reference to hydrosere and xerosere
• General account of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 07

• Meristems: Types, histological organization of shoot and root apices and theories
• Tissues and tissue systems: Simple, complex and special tissues
• Leaf: Ontogeny, diversity of internal structure; stomata and epidermal outgrowths
• Stem and root anatomy: Vascular cambium-formation and function
• Anomalous secondary growth of stem-achyranthes, boerhaavia, bignonia, dracaena; root-beta vulgaris
• Wood structure: General account. Study of local timbers-teak, rosewood, red sanders, nallamaddi and neem

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 08

• History and importance of embryology
• Anther structure, microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte
• Ovule structure and types; megasporogenesis; types and development of female gametophyte
• Pollen morphology, pollination and fertilization, pollination-types, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization
• Seed structure appendages and dispersal mechanisms
• Endosperm-development and types
• Embryo-development and type, polyembryony and apomixis-an outline

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 09

• Plant cell envelope: Ultrastructure of cell wall, models of membrane structure, structure and functions of Semi Permeable plasma membrane
• Cell organelles: Structure and semi autonomous nature of mitochondria and chloroplast
• Nucleus: Ultra structure, types and functions of DNA & RNA. Mitochondrial DNA & Plastid DNA and plasmids
• Chromosomes-morphology, organization of DNA in a chromosome, euchromatin and heterochromatin, Karyotype
• Special types of chromosomes-lampbrush and polytene chromosomes
• Cell division: Cell and its regulation; mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 10

• Mendelism: History, principles of inheritance, chromosome theory of inheritance, autosomes and sex chromosomes, incomplete dominance and codominance. Multiple alleles, lethal alleles, epistasis, recessive and dominant traits, polygenic inheritance
• Mendelism: Linkage and crossing over, recombination frequency, two factor and three factor crosses; interference and coincidence. Numericals based on gene mapping; sex linkage. Variation in chromosome number and structure-deletion, duplication
• Mendelism: Inversion, translocation, position effect, euploidy and aneuploidy. Gene mutations-types of mutations; molecular basis of mutations; mutagens-physical and chemical (base analogs, deaminating, alkylating and intercalating agents)

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Botany): Unit 11

• Plant-water relations: Water potential, osmosis, osmotic and pressure potential, absorption and transport of water
• Mineral nutrition: Essential micro & macro nutrients and symptoms of mineral deficiency
• Transpiration: Stomatal structure and movement. Mechanism of phloem transport
• Enzymes: Nomenclature, properties, classification and factors regulating enzyme activity
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
• Carbon assimilation pathways: C3, C4 and CAM
• Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic; glycolysis, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
• Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation
• Physiological role of phytohormones: Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene and brassinosteroids

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Zoology): Unit 01

• Digestion: Digestion definition and extra and intracellular digestion. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and cellulose. Absorption and assimilation of digested food; role of gastrointestinal hormones in digestion
• Respiration: Definition of respiration and respiratory mechanisms-external, internal and cellular. Respiratory pigments; transport of oxygen, oxygen dissociation curves. Bohr’s effect
• Respiration: Transport of CO2-chloride shift; regulation of respiration-nervous and chemical
• Circulation: Types of circulation-open and closed circulation structure of mammalian heart, types of hearts-neurogenic and myogenic; heart function-conduction and regulation of heart beat
• Circulation: Regulation of heart rate-tachycardia and bradycardia; blood clotting mechanism
• Excretion: Classification of animals on the basis of excretory products-ammonotelic, uricotelic, ureotelic, structure and function of nephron. Urine formation, counter current mechanism
• Homeostasis and enzymes: Concept of homeostasis. Mechanism of homeostasis. Osmoregulation-water and ionic regulation by freshwater, brackish water and marine animals, enzymes-definition, classification, inhibition and regulation
• Biomolecules and metabolism carbohydrates: Classification and function of carbohydrates, carbohydrate metabolism-glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
• Biomolecules and metabolism carbohydrates: Proteins-classification of proteins based on functions and chemical nature, protein metabolism-transamination, deamination and urea cycle, Lipids: Classification of lipids
• Biomolecules and metabolism carbohydrates: Lipids-lipid metabolism-fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Zoology): Unit 02

• Muscle contraction: Types of muscles, ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibre, sliding filament theory, muscle contraction mechanism and energetics
• Nerve impulse: Structure of neuron, nerve impulse-resting potential and action potential and conduction of nerve impulse, synapse, types of synapses and synaptic transmission
• Endocrine system: Endocrine glands-structure, secretions and functions of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas, hormone action and concept of secondary messengers, male and female hormones
• Endocrine system: Hormonal control of menstrual cycle in humans

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Zoology): Unit 03

• Immunology-basic concepts; antigens and antibodies: Basic concepts of immunology. Cells of immune system, primary and secondary organs of immune system, types of immunity-innate and acquired
• Immunology-basic concepts; antigens and antibodies: Basic properties of antigens, structure, function and types of an antibody. B and T cell epitopes, haptens, adjuvants. Antigen-antibody reactions, T-cell and B-cell activation
• Immunology-basic concepts; antigens and antibodies: Monoclonal antibodies and their production
• Working of an immune system; immune system in health and disease: Structure and functions of major histocompatibility complex. Basic properties and functions of cytokines, interferons and complement proteins, humoral and cell mediated immunity
• Working of an immune system; immune system in health and disease: Types of hypersensitivity. Concepts of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Introduction to vaccines and types of vaccines
• Animal biotechnology and genetically modified organisms: Concept and scope of animal biotechnology. Cloning vectors-plasmids, cosmids, lambda bacteriophage
• Animal biotechnology and genetically modified organisms: YAC cloning-cloning methods (cell, animal and gene cloning) animal cell culture-equipment and materials for animal cell culture
• Animal biotechnology and genetically modified organisms: Applications of cell culture techniques recombinant DNA technology and its applications, transgenesis-methods of transgenesis
• Animal biotechnology and genetically modified organisms: Production of transgenic animals and application of transgenic animals in biotechnology. Stem cells-types and their applications

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Zoology): Unit 04

• Brief history of invertebrates: Kingdom animalia, brief history of invertebrates
• Protozoa: General characters classification up to classes with examples, type study-elphidium, life cycle of plasmodium. Locomotion, reproduction and diseases
• Porifera: General characters, classification of porifera up to classes with examples, type study-sycon, canal system in sponges and spicules. Cnidaria general characters, classification of cnidaria up to classes with examples
• Porifera: Type study-obelia, polymorphism in hydrozoa, corals and coral reef formation
• Platyhelminthes: General characters classification of platyhelminthes up to classes with examples, type study-schistosoma
• Nemathelminthes: General characters classification of nemathelminthes up to classes with examples type study-dracunculus, parasitic adaptations in helminthes
• Annelida: General characters, classification of annelida up to classes with examples type study-hirudinaria granulosa. Evolutionary significance of coelom and coelomoducts and metamerism
• Arthropoda: General characters, classification of arthropoda up to classes with examples, type study-prawn, crustacean larvae, insect metamorphosis, peripatus-structure and affinities
• Mollusca: General characters, classification of mollusca up to classes with examples, type study-pila, pearl formation, torsion and detorsion in gastropods
• Echinodermata: General characters, classification of echinodermata up to classes with examples, water vascular system in starfish, echinoderm larvae and their significance
• Hemichordata: General characters, classification of hemichordata up to classes with examples, balanoglossus-structure and affinities

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Zoology): Unit 05

• Ecology-I: Ecosystem structure and functions. Types of ecosystems-aquatic and terrestrial. Biogeochemical cycles-nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus and water. Energy flow in ecosystem. Food chain, food web and ecological pyramids
• Ecology-I: Animal associations-mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, competition, predation
• Ecology-II: Concept of species, population dynamics and growth curves. Community structure and dynamics and ecological succession. Ecological adaptations. Environmental pollution-sources, effect and control measures of air, water, soil and noise pollution
• Ecology-II: Wildlife conservation-national parks and sanctuaries of India, endangered species. Biodiversity and hotspots of biodiversity in India
• Zoogeography: Zoogeographical regions-palaearctic, nearctic, neotropical, oriental, australian and ethiopian regions-their climatic and faunal peculiarities, wallace line, discontinuous distribution continental drift
• Animal behaviour: Types of behaviour-innate and acquired, instinctive and motivated behavior, taxes, reflexes, tropisms, biological rhythms and types of rhythms, trial and error learning, imprinting, habituation, classical conditioning
• Animal behaviour: Instrumental conditioning, social behavior, communication, pheromones, biological rhythms, biological clocks, circadian rhythms

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Zoology): Unit 06

• Urochordata, cephalochordata, cyclostomata: Salient features of urochordata, retrogressive, metamorphosis and its significance in urochordata, salient features and affinities of cephalochordata general characters of cyclostomata
• Urochordata, cephalochordata, cyclostomata: Comparison of the petromyzon and myxine, general characters and classification of chordata upto orders with examples
• Pisces: General characters of fishes, classification of fishes up to order level with examples, scoliodon-respiratory, circulatory and nervous system. Types of scales and types of fins
• Amphibia: General characters of amphibians, classification of amphibians up to orders with examples. Rana tigrina-respiratory, circulatory and nervous system. Parental care in amphibian; neoteny and paedogenesis
• Reptilia: General characters of Reptilia, classification of reptilia up to orders with examples, calotes-respiratory system, circulatory and nervous system. Temporal fossae in reptiles and its evolutionary importance
• Reptilia: Distinguished characters of poisonous and non poisonous snakes. Rhynchocephalia
• Aves: General characters of aves, classification of aves up to orders with examples. Columba livia-digestive system, circulatory systems, respiratory system and nervous, system. Migration in birds, flight adaptation in birds
• Mammalia: General characters of mammalia, classification of mammalia up to orders with examples rabbit-digestive, respiratory, circulatory and nervous system. Dentition in mammals. Aquatic adaptations in mammals
• Developmental biology and embryology: Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis) fertilization, types of eggs, types of cleavages
• Developmental biology and embryology: Development of frog up to formation of primary germ layers formation of foetal membrane in chick embryo and their functions, types and functions of placenta in mammals, regeneration in turbellaria and lizards

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Zoology): Unit 07

• Cell biology: Ultrastructure of animal cell, structure and functions of plasma membrane proteins. Structure and functions of cell organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrosomes
• Cell biology: Mitochondria and nucleus chromosomes-structure, types, giant chromosomes, cell division-mitosis, meiosis
• Molecular biology: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-structure, RNA (Ribonucleic acid)-structure, types, DNA replication, protein synthesis-transcription and translation, gene expression-genetic code; operon concept
• Molecular biology: Molecular biology techniques-polymerase chain reaction, electrophoresis
• Genetics: Mendel's laws of inheritance and non-mendelian inheritance, linkage and crossing over, sex determination and sex-linked inheritance, chromosomal mutations-deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, aneuploidy and polyploidy
• Genetics: Gene mutations-induced versus spontaneous mutations. Inborn errors of metabolism
• Evolution: Theories of evolution-Lamarckism and Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism and Neo Darwinism, modern synthetic theory. Evidences of evolution and Hardy Weinberg law. Forces of evolution-mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection
• Evolution: Isolation-premating and postmating isolating mechanisms, speciation-methods of speciation-allopatric and sympatric

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 01

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 02

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 03

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 04

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 05

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 06

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 07

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 08

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 09

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Biochemistry): Unit 10

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Genetics): Unit 01

• Mendelian inheritance & extensions: Terminology and definitions-phenotypes, genotype, locus, allele, homozygotes, heterozygotes, Johannsen’s pure line concept, filial generations, reciprocal cross, back cross, test cross
• Mendelian inheritance & extensions: Law of segregation-law of independent assortment, extension to mendelian segregation patterns-codominance, incomplete dominance, lethals, gene interaction-epistasis paramutation
• Mendelian inheritance & extensions: Environmental effects on gene expression-penetrance-expressivity, multiple alleles, and pseudoalleles; features of quantitative inheritance, multifactorial inheritance, extrachromosomal inheritance
• Mendelian inheritance & extensions: Sex linked inheritance-X-linked and Y-linked traits, sex chromosome inactivation-dosage compensation, gynandromorph
• Linkage and gene mapping: Cytological proof of crossing over, phases of linkage, test cross, recombination frequency, gene mapping, determination of map distances based on two and three point test crosses, coincidence, interference
• Linkage and gene mapping: Tetrad analysis-neurospora, mitotic crossing over-drosophila
• Organellar inheritance: Non-mendelian inheritance, chloroplast and mitochondrial inheritance, chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Genetics): Unit 02

• Eukaryotic cell cycle: Phases of cell cycle G0, G1,S, G2, genes that determine the cell cycle-cyclins, CDK proteins, role of p53 in cell cycle, mitosis-stages, significance of mitosis, meiosis I & II-stages, formation of synaptonemal complex
• Eukaryotic cell cycle: Crossing over, chiasma formation, significance of meiosis
• Chromosome structure, chromatin organization and variation: Chromosome morphology-size and shape; euchromatin and heterochromatin-constitutive and facultative heterochromatin, components of chromatin, histones & non-histones
• Chromosome structure, chromatin organization and variation: Packing of DNA into chromatin-nucleosome and higher order organization, specialized chromosomes-lampbrush chromosomes, polytene chromosomes, supernumerary chromosomes
• Chromosome structure, chromatin organization and variation: Chromosome variation structural and numerical aberrations
• Cell communication and signaling: Basics of cell signaling-paracrine, endocrine, autocrine, tight junctions and gap junctions, secondary messengers-cAMP, phosphatidylinositol, Ca+2 and IP3, G-protein coupled receptors and Tyrosine Kinase receptors
• Dysregulation of cell cycle: Necrosis, senescence, programmed cell death (apoptosis-intrinsic and extrinsic factors), cancer

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Genetics): Unit 03

• Nucleic acids: DNA as the genetic material and experimental evidences, RNA as genetic material, chemistry of nucleic acids, forms of DNA and types of RNA, models and methods of DNA replication, mechanism of DNA replication and enzymes involved
• Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene, transcription and translation mechanisms, genetic code and properties, operon concept-lac operon & glucose effect, tryptophan operon
• Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications in eukaryotes
• Mutations and repair mechanisms: Mutations-spontaneous and induced mutations, types of mutations, DNA damage & repair mechanisms, diseases caused due to mutation-sickle cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Genetics): Unit 04

• Bacterial recombination and mapping: Bacteria-structure, transformation and gene mapping, conjugation and gene mapping high frequency recombination, interrupted mating experiment
• Genetics of bacteriophages: Structure and classification of bacteriophages, lytic cycle, lysogeny, generalized and specialized transductions; enzymes used in molecular cloning, vectors used in cloning, genomic and cDNA libraries
• Genetics of bacteriophages: Blotting techniques and PCR, screening for detection of cloned genes
• Applications of genetic engineering: Gene products in medicine, DNA based vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, genetically engineered microorganisms for bioremediation, phytoremediation, transgenic plants, transgenic animals
• Applications of genetic engineering: Molecular pharming, industrial products

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Genetics): Unit 05

• Measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion, grouped data and graphical methods, probability, binomial, poisson and normal distributions, t-test, z-test, chi-square test; computer and internet basics, biological databases
• DNA sequence and protein sequence databases, sequence retrieval from genbank, ENA, swissprot

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Genetics): Unit 06

• Allele frequencies and genotype frequencies at a locus, Hardy-Weinberg law, linkage disequilibrium, Snyder’s ratios; selection-fitness, patterns of natural selection, general selection equation, equilibrium under selection, selection favoring heterozygote
• Selection against heterozygous, complete elimination of recessive gene; mutation-mutation models, influence of mutation on allele frequency & autozygosity, balance between forward & backward mutation, interaction of mutation with selection; genetic load
• Gene flow, Wahlund effect, inbreeding, construction of pedigrees inbreeding coefficient and inbreeding depression; genetic drift-bottleneck effect, founder effect, effective population size, consequences of a decreasing population size
• Origins of genomes-acquisition of new genes by gene duplication and from other species, origin of noncoding DNA, transposable elements and introns, molecular phylogenetics, molecular evolution, molecular clock

Biochemistry, environmental science, forensic science, genetics, microbiology (Microbiology): Unit 01

• Scope and importance of microbiology, spontaneous generation-biogenesis theory; germ theory of diseases; recent developments of microbiology, principles of microscopy, principles of staining, culture media, sterilization methods
• Isolation of pure cultures
• Maintenance and preservation of microbial cultures
• Morphology and ultrastructure of typical eubacterial cell
• Bacterial classification, general characteristics and classification of virus
• Morphology and structure of T4, lambda phages; TMV and HIV
• Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, biochemical techniques
• DNA and RNA structures and their role as genetic materials, transcription and translation, Lac operon, bacterial plasmids and transposons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, mutations, gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria
• Recombinant DNA technology-methodology and application
• Types of immunity, organs of immune system, cells of immune system, antigens, antibodies, antigen antibody reactions
• Normal flora of human body
• Infection, disease, defense mechanisms
• Bacterial toxins, virulence and attenuation
• Airborne diseases; food and water borne diseases
• General principles of diagnostic microbiology
• Elements of chemotherapy-therapeutic drugs, drug resistance
• Concept of Biodiversity
• Microbial diversity
• Microorganisms of the environment (soil, water and air)
• Microbial interactions
• Microorganisms in relation to plant growth and biological control, biological nitrogen fixation, biofertilizers
• Biopesticides, bioremediation
• Microbiology of potable and polluted water
• Microorganisms of food spoilage and their sources
• Methods of food preservation
• Microorganisms as food-SCP, edible mushrooms
• Fermented foods
• Screening and isolation of industrially useful microorganisms, strain improvement strategies and immobilization methods
• Fermentor
• Types of fermentations
• Industrial production of alcohol, glutamic acid, citric acid, vitamin B12, enzymes, antibiotics and vaccines
• Basics of bioinformatics and computational tools in microbial sciences; genomics, proteomics and metabolomics