AP PGCET 2025: Answer Key (Final Soon), Result, Merit List, Cut off, Counselling, Admission

General: Unit 01

• Fundamental unity of Indian culture Harappan and vedic culture evolution of caste system-Jainism and Buddhism-Gandhara Art
• Political unification of India under Mauryas and Gut’s
• Cultural achievements
• Cultural conditions under the Satavahanas
• Contribution of Pallavas and Cholas to art and letters, Chola administrative system
• Influence of Islam on Indian culture-the Sufi, Bhakti and Vaishnavite movements
• Cultural achievements of vijayanagara rulers
• Contribution of Sher Shah and Akbar to the evolution of administration system in India-cultural development under Mughals
• Western impact on India-introduction of western education social and cultural awakening and social reform movements-Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dayananda Saraswathi, theosophical society, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Vivekananda
• Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and Veeresalingam-emancipation of women and struggle against caste
• Rise of Indian Nationalism, Mahatma Gandhi, non-violence and Satyagraha, eradication of untouchability, legacy of British rule

General: Unit 02

• On the nature of culture: Meaning, definition and various interpretations of culture
• Culture and its salient features
• The vedic-Upanishadic culture and society, human aspirations in those societies-values Chaturvidhapurusharthas-Chaturvarna theory-Chaturasrama theories
• The culture in Arthashastra
• Kautilya conception of the state, religion and King
• Culture in Ramayana and Mahabharatha: (a) The ideal man and woman, (b) concepts of Maitri, Karuna, Seela, Vinaya, Kshama, Santi Anuraga-as exemplified in the stories and anecdotes of the epics
• The culture of Jainism Jain conception of soul, Karma and liberation
• Buddhism as a Humanistic culture, The four noble truths of Buddhism
• Vedanta and culture: Religion and ethical practices-the Hindu view
• Current affairs: Regional, national & international events-who's who, sports, books, awards, honours
• General knowledge: Social studies up to 10th class level-inventions-discoveries-capital cities-abbreviations social
• Problems (corruption, beggary, casteism)-verbal & analytical reasoning

Literature: Unit 01

Literature: Unit 02

Literature: Unit 03

Literature: Unit 04

Literature: Unit 05

Literature: Unit 06

Literature: Unit 07

Literature: Unit 08

Literature: Unit 09

Literature: Unit 10

Literature: Unit 11

Literature: Unit 12

Literature: Unit 13

Literature: Unit 14

Sanskrit: Unit 01

• Abhignanam: From Valmiki Ramayana Kishkindha Kanda 6th Canto
• Athithyam: From Vyasa Bhagvatam Navamaskandha 21st Adaya
• Vasistasrama Gamanam: From Kalidasa Raghuvamsam 1st Canto
• Modern poetry: Unnatih By Devi Narasimha Dikshita
• Modern poetry Viviikata Pushpa Karandah by Dr. Rani Sadasiva murthy
• Murkhata: (1) Murkha Brahmana Katha, (2) Murkha Pandita Katha from Pancatantra of Vishnu sarma Aparikshita Karakam
• Gangavatarnam: From Bala Kanda Champu Ramayanam of Bhoja
• Upadesamrtam by Samurala Lakshmaiah: From Malayala Yateendrasya Upadesamrtam
• Pushrod Bhava caritam: From Dandis Dasa Kumara Caritam
• Purva peetika 4th Uchvasa
• Krushiphalam: From Kalayastasmainamah By Ogeti Parishith Sarma 20th Adyay

Sanskrit: Unit 02

• Duta Vakyam: Duta Vakyam of Bhasa
• Modern drama: Asaninirasanam By Sri Viswanatha Satyanarayana
• Upanishad Desah: Sishyanu sasanam Sikshavalli of Taittriya upanishad
• Poets and books from history of Sanskrit literature: (1)Panini (2) Kautilya, (3) Bharatha Muni, (4) Bharavi, (5) Magha, (6) Bhava bhuthi
• Alankaras from Kuvalayananda: (1) Upama, (2) Ananvaya, (3) Utpreksha, (4) Deepakam, (5) Aprastuta Prasamsa, (6) Drustanta

Sanskrit: Unit 03

• Declension: Nouns ending in vowels-Deva, Kavi, Bhanu Dhatr, Pitr, Go, Rama, Mati, Nadee, Tanu, Vadhoo, Matr, Phala, Vari & Madhu
• Sandhi: Swara Sandhi-Savarnadeergha, Ayavayava, Guna, Vrddhi, Yanadesa, Vyanjana sandhi-Scutva, Stutva, Anunasikadvitva, Anunasika, Latva, Jastva, Visarga sandhi- Visarga Utva Sandhi, Visargalopa Sandhi, Visarga, Repha Sandhi, Ooshma Sandhi
• Samasa: Dwandwa, Tatpurusha (common)-(a) Karmadharaya, (b) Dwigu, (c) Pradi Tatpurusha, (d) Gatitatpurusha, (e) Upapada, Tatpurusha, Bahuvrihi, Avyayibhava

Sanskrit: Unit 04

• Conjugations-Bhoo, Gam, Shtha, Drhs Labh, Mud
• Conjugation-As ( )
• Conjugation-Yudh,
• Conjugation-Ish
• Conjugation-Likh, Kri ( )
• Conjugation-Kreen ( )
• Conjugation-Kath, Bhash, Ram, Vand
• Vide: First year & second year text books prescribed for SANSKRIT as second language under common core syllabus from the academic year 2015-16 onwards respectively
• Viswa Bharathi-I-Lorven publications # 3-5-1108, Maruthi complex, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad
• Viswa Bharathi-II-Lorven publications # 3-5-1108, Maruthi Complex, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad
• Viswa Bharathi-III-Maruthi publications # 9-4-95, Maruthi Manikanta Nilayam, Railpet, Guntur, A.P., INDIA

Hindi: Unit 01

• ‘Gadya Sandesh: Sahithya Ki Mahattha, Mithratha, Poos Ki Raath, Samakruthi aur Sahithya Ka Paraspar sambandh, Bharath Ek Ha, HIV/ AIDS
• Kathalok: Mukthidhan, Goodad Sayi, Usne Kaha tha, Bhook Hadthal, Mai Haar Gayi, Paramaathma Ka Kutha
• Kabir-Sakhi 1 to 10
• Surdas-Bal-Vaman 1 to 2 only
• Tulasidas-Dohe 1 to 10
• Raheem-Dohe 1 to 10
• Bihari-Dohe 1 to 10
• Matili Saran Guptha-Mathrubhoomi
• Jaya Sankar Prasad-Ashok ki chinta
• Sumitranadan Pant-Bharat Mata
• Surya Kanth Tripati Nirala-Thodthi Pattar
• Ramdhari Singh Dinkar-Parichay

Hindi: Unit 02

• Rewriting of sentences as directed based on: Case, gender, number,and voice
• Correction of sentences
• Usage of words into sentences
• Karyalaya hindi: Administrative terminology (Prashashanik Shabdabali) official designations
• Changing English term to Hind
• Changing Hindi term to English
• Sandhi Vichched
• Antonyms (Virodhi Shabd)
• Letter-writing: Personal letters, official letters, letters of complaints, application for appointment
• History of Hindi literature

Urdu: Unit 01

• Mutaqib-E-Adab

Urdu: Unit 02

• The Ghazals of each of the following poets is prescribed: Ghazals-(1) Meer taqui Meer, (2) Mirza Ghalib, (3) Altaf Hussain Hali, (4) Yaseer Karnooli, (5) Dr. Rahi Fidayee
• The Ghazals of each of the following poets is prescribed: Nazam-(1) Akbar Alhabadi-Nasihat-e-Akhalakhi, (2) Iqbal-Naya shivala, (3) Akhtarul Emaan-Khabar, (4) Faiz Ahamed Faiz-Mujhse Pehle se Mobahat, (5) Iqbal Khusro-Izn-e-Aam

Urdu: Unit 03

• The essays of the following authors are prescribed: (1) Sir Syed Ahamed Khan-Behas-o-Takrar, (2) Mustaq Ahamed Yousufi-Padiye gar bimar, (3) Suleman Athar Javeed-Ustad-e-Mohtram Zoor Saheb

Urdu: Unit 04

• The following short story is prescribed: Tu batak Sing, by Sadat Hasan Manto

Urdu: Unit 05

• Poetry: (1) Masnavi-Phool Ban by Ibne Nishati, (2) Marsiya-Jab Khata ki Musafat shabe aftab ne, (3) Rubayath-the Rubayee of the following each poet-(a) Amjad Hyderabadi, (b) Sagar Jayadi
• Prose: (1) Bag-o-Bahar, by Meer Aman (Agas khise ka), (2) Galib ke Khutoot, (3) Khaja Hasan Nizami-Jhengar ka Janaza
• Drama: Darwaze Khol do by Krishan Chander
• Novel: Nirmala by Munshi Premchand
• Short stories: Selected short stories of modern language urdu-(a) Lal aur Peela, (b) Mom ki maryam, (c) Who

Urdu: Unit 06

• Ghazal: The following first two ghazals of each poet-(a) Ghalib, (b) Jigar, (c) Majrooh
• Masnavi: Intheqabe Gulzare Naseem by Daya Shankar Naseems
• Qasida: Qaseeda by Mohsin Kakuravi
• Marsia: Marsia by Meer Anees First 10 Bands only
• Nazam: (a) Rooh-e-Arzi Adam ka isteqbal karti hai by Iqbal, (b) Sagar ke kinare by Maqdoom Mohiuddin
• Deccani daur: Mohd. Quli Qutub Shah, Mulla wajhi, Nusrati
• Fort William College our uske Musannafeen: Meer Aman, Haidar Bakhs Haidari, Shyer Ali Asks
• Sir syed ahmed khan
• Taraqqui Pasand tehreek
• Hali aurshibli
• Tanz-o-Mizah: Patras Bukhari, Shaukat thanvi

B.F.A: Unit 01

• Communication: Objectives of communication, types of communication, verbal and non-verbal communication, characteristics of successful communication, principles and barriers of communication
• Listening: The listening process, types of listening, principles of good listening, listening with a purpose, barriers to listening
• Speaking: The syllable, word stress, accent and rhythm in connected speech, intonation, American and British accents
• Writing: Principles of effective writing, formal and informal letter writing, E-mail, resume & job application

B.F.A: Unit 02

• Pre historic art: Overview and understanding of periodization of Indian art and prehistoric art
• Indus Valley Civilization: Art of Indus Valley Civilization-period-sculptures-sites of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, study of sculptures bust of priest, bronze dancing girl, male torso, pottery, terracotta and seals
• Buddhist and Jain art: Introduction to Buddhist architecture-Stamba-Stupa-Chaitya-Vihara-Gupta-Mourya-Sunga-early Satavahana or Andhra-The Kushanas (Gandhara Phase-Mathura phase)
• South Indian art: Pallavas-Cholas-Pandya-Vijayanaga-Nay akas-study of sculpture, development-indo Islamic art-Indo Islamic architecture-Islamic tomb-Delhi or Imperial style-Provincial style-Mughal style

B.F.A: Unit 03

• Pre historic art: Pre historic and Proto historic art-stone ages-Proto historic art
• Egyptian art: Introduction to egyptian art-art of old kingdom-middle kingdom-new kingdom-egyptian pyramids-evolution of pyramid-paintings, sculptures
• Greek art: Introduction to greek art-archaic period-classical period-hellenistic period-paintings, sculptures
• Roman art: Introduction to greek art-paintings, sculptures
• Christian art: Work of art examples, Mosaic works-in the basilicas-study of the visual language-Byzantine paintings-Gothic art paintings, sculptures
• Early renaissance: Beginning of renaissance-study about Artists Duccio, Giotto
• Mantegna-Masaccio-Uccello-John Van Eyek-Bellni-the golden section-Piero Della-Pollaivolo brothers-Sandro Botticelli-Sculptor-Donatello
• High renaissance: Concepts and ideals of high renaissance
• Leonardo Da Vinci-Michelangelo-Raphael
• Northern renaissance-characteristics and important achievement by contemporary painters from the North include Albert Durer
• Mannerism-artists-Caravaggio-El Greco-Tintoretto
• Sculptors: Bologna-Cellini
• Baroque-Caravaggio-Possin-Rembrandt-Vermeer Hals-Ruben-Bernini
• Rococo-Wattea-Boucher-Gain Borough-Reynolds-Hogarth
• Neo Classism
• About the movement-Artists David-Ingres-Giorgione-study works
• Romanticism-concept of Romanticism. Romanticism-Goya and the Spanish Romanticism. English Artists-Turner, Constable and variant approach of English Romanticism. Delacroix, Gericault and French Romanticism
• Realism-ideological position of realism. Study on works of Courbet. Millet, Corot, Rousseau-Daumier-Rodin
• Impressionism: Impressionism as the ideological premise. Impressionism and the techniques of painting. Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir, Marry Cassatt, Berthe Morisot-Alfred Sisley-Camille Pissarro
• Post impressionism: Different approaches of post impressionism. Post impressionism and its influence on 20th century Art-Van Gogh, Gauguin, Lautrec, Seurat and Cezanne
• Expressionism: Characteristics of the movement-Edward Munch-Egon Schiele-Henri Matisse-Symbolism-Klimt-Henri Rousseau-Munch
• Cubism: Influence of post-impression on cubism-Pablo Picasso blue period, red period-analytic cubism and synthetic cubism-George Braque, Fernand Leger, Juan Gris and their works
• Dadaism & Surrealism
• Dadaism
• Zurich: Jean Arp and Marcel Janco, Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, and Francis Picabia , Andre Breton
• Surrealism: Manifesto-Psychic automatism-study on works of Salvador Dali René Magritte Joan Miró, Max Ernst, Man Ray, André Masson, Yves Tanguy, Giorgio de Chirico

B.F.A: Unit 04

• Indian mural painting tradition: Indian mural painting tradition-study of ajanta-Ellora, Baugh, Lepakshi
• Early manuscript illustration tradition: Eastern Indian manuscripts (Pala-sena)-sultanate school of painting
• Jain miniature painting: Western Indian miniature painting tradition. Jain miniaturesschool, themes, composition
• Mughal painting: Introduction-Akbar school, Jahangir school-Shahjahan school and his contribution. Important manuscripts and artists and their contributions to the Mughal painting
• Deccan school of painting: Bijapur, golconda, Ahmednagar, Aurangabad
• Rajput painting: Classification of Rajput schools
• Rajasthani schools and various schools- Mewar Udaipur, Deogarh, Nathdwara, Kota, Bundi, Kishangarh
• Pahari school of painting-various schools of pahari painting-Basholi, Guler, Kangra and sub-schools

B.F.A: Unit 05

• Company school of painting: General overview of the political scenario-east India company Bengal 1857 and others; emergence of new centers like Patna, Murshidabad, Benaras, etc. Kalighat paintings

B.F.A: Unit 06

• The Bengal school of art: Nationalist sentiments mid-19th century-Abhanindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, Gaganendranath Tagore-Abdur Rehman Chughtai- Rabindranath Tagore. Ramkinker Vaij

B.F.A: Unit 07

• Emerging art of India: Young turks (1941)The Calcutta Group (1943-53)-prominent artists-young turks

B.F.A: Unit 08

• Raja Ravi Varma: Academic realist style (Victorian Salon style) and a new body of Indian imagery. Oleographs

B.F.A: Unit 09

• Progressive artists' group: Introduction to the postmodern Indian art-reference to other mediums of expression literature, films, theatre both street and mainstream
• Study of the works of the members of the group-F. N. Souza, K. H. Ara, S. H. Raza, M. F. Husain, S. K. Bakre, H. A. Gade
• Post independence art movements: Other progressive schools/ groups-cholamandal artists' village. Delhi Shilpi Chakra
• Baroda school of fine arts, painters, printmakers and sculptors: Years of inception, faculty members- N. S.Bendre, Prodsh Das Gupta, Sankho Chowdhury, K. G. Subramanian,. group 1890-ideology
• Modern Indian sculpture: Study about Indian modern sculptors-Ramkinker Vaij- Sankho Chowdhury-DP Roy Chowdhury- Ravinder Reddy- PV Janaki Ram

B.F.A: Unit 10

• German Expressionism: Definition and origins of the movement-Die Brücke, (The Bridge)-Ernst Ludwig Kirchner-Erich Heckel-Emil Nolde
• Abstract Expressionism: Action or Gesture painters Jackson Pollock, William de Kooning, James Brook, Franz Kline, Krasner, Robert Motherwell, Bardley Walter Tomlin Colour Field painting, Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko
• Abstract Expressionism: A.D. Reinhardt-simple, unified blocks of colour
• Pop art: About the movement- characteristics of the works-Richard Hamilton-Jasper Johns-Roy Lichtenstein-Andy Warhol. Op Art-constructivism & Futurism-about the movement characteristics of the works and artists
• Modern sculpture: Trends of modern sculpture, artist and their works Henry Moore-David Smit-Toni Smith-Alexander Calder-Albert Giacometti-Geam Dubuffet-Anish Kapoor

B.F.A: Unit 11

• Introduction to tribal/ folk India and geographical distribution
• Descriptive accounts of all kinds of Terracotta traditions (Molela, Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Bengal)
• Metal casting traditions (Dhokra casting of Bastar)
• Puppetry tradition, types of puppetry, south Indian puppetry their religious and ritualistic significance
• Introduction to prominent tribes, geographical distribution, religious manifestations
• Wall painting traditions (Madhuban, Warli, Pitthoro, Gonds), Textile painting traditions (Mata ni Pachedi, Phads, Puripatas)

B.F.A: Unit 12

• Introduction to Indian aesthetics- and its scope-brief introduction to basic principles of Indian Philosophy as related to arts
• Evolution of aesthetic concepts-Rasa theory -types of Rasas-their play in the context art different opinion on types of Rasa. Theory of Dhvani-theory of Alankara-theory of Auchitya
• Interrelationship of visual arts and performing arts
• Theory of Shadanga

Humanities and social science: Unit 01

• Analogy test-alphabet series-test of direction sense-coding-decoding test-number series-puzzle-problem on age calculation-blood relations calendar-decision making -number series
• Matrix-mathematical reasoning-statement and assumption-statement and arguments-dice-clock-inserting the mission character-clerical aptitude-word formation-venn diagram

Humanities and social science: Unit 02

• General aptitude with emphasis on logical reasoning, graphical analysis, analytical ability, quantitative comparisons, series formation, puzzles, etc
• Time And distance-time and work general arithmetic aptitude-ratios, percentage increase/ decrease-numerical logic-arithmetic test-numerical reasoning-data interpretation numerical estimation

Humanities and social science: Unit 03

• Active/ passive voice; parts of speech; time, tense and aspect; phrasal verbs; auxiliary verbs; use of shall, will for since; idioms and phrases; common errors; preposition; synonyms and antonyms; precis writing and comprehension

Humanities and social science: Unit 04

• Current events of national and international importance-history of India and Indian national movement-Indian and world geography-physical, social, economic geography of India and the world-Indian polity and governance-constitution
• Political system, Panchayati Raj, public policy-economic and social development sustainable development, poverty, inclusion, demographics, social sector initiatives, etc. general issues on environmental ecology
• Bio-diversity and climate change-that do not require subject specialization
• General science

Humanities and social science: Unit 05

• Preamble, fundamental rights, directive principles of state, local self governance-structure of society-social groups, Indian culture, social institutions, individual and society, culture and personality
• Methods of social work, group works, principles, community development, basics of internet, world wide web, digitalization-unity and diversity of Indian society; philosophical foundations of Indian culture
• History and culture of Andhra Pradesh-salient features of the Indian constitution-unitary and federal features of the Indian constitution-amending procedures of the Indian constitution-party system in India-national political parties
• Regional political parties and sub-regional political parties-coalition governments-interest groups and pressure groups-election commission determinants of voting behavior electoral reforms

Performing arts and music: Unit 01

• Introduction to folklore: Definition and scope, classification of folklore, difference between, folk literature and classical literature, material culture, verbal lore, folk customs and practices, folk performing arts, folk games
• Tribes of Andhra Pradesh: Concept of tribe-meaning-definition tribal organizations families-marriage kinship religion and customary practices
• Tribes of Andhra Pradesh-an introduction socio-economic issues of tribes
• Folk performing arts of Andhra Pradesh: Veethinatakam, Kolatam, Tappallu, Vaggukatha, Burrah Katha, Aasadi Kathalu
• Folk performing arts of Andhra Pradesh: Ritual performances. Secular performances
• Folk literature: Folk songs, folktales, proverbs, riddles

Performing arts and music: Unit 02

• Musical concepts-Grama-Murchana-Jati-Raga-Mela-Janya
• Swara nomenclatures, 22 sruthis
• Musical forms: Outline knowledge of musical forms
• Musical instruments, classification of musical instruments
• Tala, Angas, Saptatalas, 2 sets of Laghujatis, Tala Dasa Pranas
• Desadi, MadhyadiTalas, Mudras, Ragalakshanas
• Lakashana grandhas
• Music institutions and music education
• Musicologists of the 20th century and their musical works
• Women composers and Musicians of the 20th century

Performing arts: Unit 01

Performing arts: Unit 02

Performing arts: Unit 03

Performing arts: Unit 04

Performing arts: Unit 05

Performing arts: Unit 06

Performing arts: Unit 07

Performing arts: Unit 08

Performing arts: Unit 09

Performing arts: Unit 10

History: Unit 01

• Survey of the sources-literary sources-archaeological sources-influence of geography on history-unity in diversity-Prehistoric period-Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic cultures-Harappan Civilization-origin, extent
• Urban planning-nature of polity and economic organization, society-religious conditions-downfall of the civilization
• Vedic Civilization: Vedic literature-early Vedic and later Vedic Civilizations-political, economic and religious conditions in the society
• Emergence of Varna and caste system rise of new religious movements-conditions of 6th ecntury B.C.-Jainism-Vardhamana Mahavira
• Buddhism-Gauthama Buddha
• A brief survey of political conditions in ancient India-Mahajanapadas-rise and expansion of Magadha-Persian, Aleander’s invasions-causes and its effects on india-the Mauryan empire-origin-Chandragupta Maurya
• Ashoka’s dhama, it’s nature and propagation-mauryan administration, society, economy, religion, art and architecture-downfall of the Mauryan empire
• Post-mauryan period in north India-sunga
• Kanva dynasties-a brief political survey of foreign invasions-kushan-Kanishka-the age of Satavashanas-brief political history-Gauthamiputrasatakrni-socio economic religious cultural development
• Age of Guptas: Brief political history-development in the Gupta period-administrative system, society, economy, art, architecture
• Literature, science and technology-golden age of guptas-post gupta period-achievements of Harshavardhana-Hiuen Tsang

History: Unit 02

• A brief political survey of south India-Sangam age, literature, society and culture-Pallavas-political history their contribution of society and culture-artand architecture-Chalukyas of badami period-Vaapi Chalukyas
• Eastern chalukyas of Vengi-Rashtrakutas-Chalukyas of kalyani-polity, society, economy, evolution of Bhakti tradition art and architecture
• The Cholas: Overview of the history of administration-social and religioustreads-Indian culture-contacts with South-East Asia and Sri Lanka-age of the Rajputs-political history of Rajputs
• Socio-cultural condition-MuslimInvasions-Arabs, Ghazani and Ghoti and their impact
• Age of Delhi sultanate: Slave dynasty, Khiji dynasty and tughlak dynasy-poloity and administration under Delhi Sultanate, society-composition of rural society, nobility-status of women
• Economic and technological developments
• Agriculture-industry-trade and commerce-urbanization, art and architecture-education and Literance-3
• Impact of Islam on Indian society and culture-Bhakti and sufi movements-Ramanujacharya Kabir, Meerabai-emergence of composite culture
• TheKakaatiya: Outline of political history religious conditions, and architecture, literature
• Vijayanagara empire: Brief political history-Balamani-Vijayanagara relations Sri Krishna devaraya-administration society
• Development of literacture references, sum-II Books- telugu academy text books-Indian History and Culture-I
• The Kakaatiya: Outline of political history religious conditions, and architecture, literature
• Development of literacture references
• Sum-II books: Telugu academy text books-Indian history and culture-I

History: Unit 03

• India from 1526 to 1707 A.D: Emergence of Mughal empire-sources, conditionsin India on the eve of Babur’s invasion, brief summary of mughal polity-Sher Shah & Sur interregnum-expansion & consolidation of Mughal empire-rise of Marathas & Peshwas
• Administration, economy, society and cultural developments under the Mughals-disintegration of Mughal empire
• India under colonial hegemony: Beginning of european settlements-Anglo-French struggle-policies of expansion-subsidiary alliance & doctrine of lapse-consolidation of British empire in India up to 1857 A.D
• Economic policies of the British (1757-1857): Land revenue settlements-commercialization of agriculture-impact of industrial revolution on Indian industry; administration of the company
• Regulating charter acts; cultural & social policies: Humanitarian measures & spread of modern education
• Anti-colonial upsurge-peasant & tribal revolts-1857 revolt-causes, nature & consequences

History: Unit 04

• Social, religious & self-respect movements: Social & cultural awakening-Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, theosophical society, Ramakrishna mission, aligarh movement emancipation of women-struggle against caste-JyotibaPhule
• Narayana Guru, Periyar, Dr. B. R. Ambedka
• Growth of nationalism in the 2nd half of 19th century-impact of British colonial policies under Viceroys’ rule and the Genesis of freedom movement-birth of Indian national congress
• Freedom struggle from 1885 to 1920: Moderate phase-partition of Bengal-emergence of militant nationalism-swadeshi & boycott movement-home rule movement
• Freedom struggle from 1920 to 1947: Gandhiji’s role in the national movement-revolutionary movement-Subhas Chandra Bose
• Muslim league & the growth of communalism-partition of India-advent of freedom-integration of perincely states into Indian union-SardarVallabhai Patel

History: Unit 05

• A brief introduction to the fall/ decline of feudalism & rise of capitalism-geographical discoveries-causes-compass & maps-portugal leads and western world follows- consequences
• The renaissance movement: Factors for the growth of renaissance-characteristic features-transformation from medieval to modern world; reformation & counter reformation
• Movements: The background-protestantism-spread of the movement-counter reformation-effects of reformation
• Emergence of nation states: Contributory factors-England and other nation states-impact due to the emergence of nation states.; age of revolutions-the glorious revolution (1688)-origin of parliament-constitutional settlement-bill of rights-results
• Age of revolutions: The American revolution (1776)-opening of new world-causes-course declaration of independence, 1776-bill of rights, 1791-significance
• Age of revolutions: The French revolution (1789)-causes-teachings of philosophers-course of the revolution-results

History: Unit 06

• Industrial revolution: Origin, nature and impact
• Unification movements in Italy & Germany and their impact
• Communist revolution in Russia-causes, course and results-impact on world order
• World war I: Age of rivalry in Europe between 1870 and 1914-results of the war-Paris peace conference-league of nations
• World war II: Causes, fascism & nazism-results; the united nations organization-structure, functions and challenges

Political science: Unit 01

• Introduction: Nature, scope and significance of political science
• State-nation and nationality: Theories of origin of the state-theory of divine right
• The social contract theory of hobbes, Locke and Rousseau
• The historical or evolutionary theory
• Sovereignty: Meaning and definition, characteristics and kinds of sovereignty
• Austin’s theory of sovereignty
• The theory of Pluralists
• Law-liberty-equality: Definition, meaning, features and kinds of law
• Sources of law
• Definition, meaning and importance of liberty
• Kinds of liberty
• Safeguards of liberty
• Relation between liberty and equality
• Definition, meaning and importance of equality
• Kinds of equality
• Rights and duties: Definition, meaning and features of rights
• Classification of rights
• Women’s rights
• Duties of citizen
• Relationship between rights and duties

Political science: Unit 02

• Ideology: (a) Individualism, Anarchism, Fascism, Marxism and Gandhism, (b) Theory of separation of powers-Montesquieu’s theory of separation of powers

Political science: Unit 03

• Traditions of ancient Indian political thought: Sources and features of ancient Indian political thought, Manu-social laws, Kautilya-theory of the state
• Democratic egalitarianism: Gandhi-Swaraj and Satyagraha, Jawaharlal Nehru-democratic socialism, Dr B R. Ambedkar-Annihilation of caste system, M.N.Roy-radical humanism
• Classical western political thought: Plato-theory of forms, critique of democracy, justice, aristotle-citizenship, state, justice, virtue
• Early medieval to the beginning of modern thought: St. Augustine-earthly city and heavenly city, evil, freewill, moral action, Machiavelli-Statecraft, Virtue, Fortuna
• Liberal thought: Thomas Hobbes-human nature, social contract, liberty, state, John Locke-natural rights, consent, social contract, state, Rousseau-social institutions and moral man, equality, liberty and general will
• Liberal democratic thought: Jeremy Bentham-utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill-individual liberty, representative government
• Philosophical idealism and its critique: Hegel-individual freedom, civil society, state, Karl Marx-alienation, surplus value, materialist conception of history, state

Political science: Unit 04

• The making of the constitution: The ideological legacy of the Indian national movement on the constituent assembly, the nature and composition of the constituent assembly
• Philosophical premises of the Indian constitution: Preamble-the underlying values of the Indian constitution, salient features of the constitution of India
• Indian federalism: Unitary and federal features in the Indian constitution, tension areas between the union and state governments legislative, administrative and financial spheres
• Working of the Indian constitution: The values of the Indian constitution and ushering of social revolution in India, the causes for the ascendency of the executive over legislature and judiciary
• Working of the Indian constitution: Major controversies regarding the amendments to the constitution, nature and role of higher judiciary in India; recent debates on the mode of appointment of judges

Political science: Unit 05

• Nature of public administration: Meaning, nature, scope and significance of public administration, public and private administration
• Administrative theories: Classical theory-Henry Fayol, human relations theory- Elton Mayo, rational decision-making theory-Herbert Simon
• Principles of organization: Hierarchy-span of control-unity of command, co-ordination-leadership
• Structure of organization: Chief executive-types and functions, line and staff agencies
• Theories of motivation: Meaning and importance of motivation, hierarchy of needs theory; Abraham Maslow, theories of X and Y; Douglas, Mc Gregor

Political science: Unit 06

• Introduction to Indian political process evolution of party system in India, national parties-congress, BJP,CPM., regional parties-TDP, TRS, AAP
• lection commission: Powers and functions of election commission. Role of election commission in Indian political system. Need for electoral reforms. Women representation in parliament
• Basic concepts of international relations: Meaning, nature and scope of international relations, balance of power-collective security-national interests
• Approaches to the study of international relations: Idealism-Woodrow Wilson, Classical realism-Hans Morgenthau, realism-Kenneth Waltz
• Phases of international relations (1914-1945): Causes and effects of the first world war, causes and effects of the second world war
• Phases of international relations (1945 onwards): Origin of first cold war-Détente-causes. Origin of new cold war and the end of cold war
• International organization: Structure, functions and role of UNO in the protection of international peace, problems of third world-struggle for new international economic order

Economics: Unit 01

• Concept-definition-nature of economics-meaning of micro economics-types of economics-significance of economics-scope of economics-wealth, welfare, scarcity
• Static and dynamic analysis; normative and positive science, inductive & deductive methods; partial and general equilibrium
• Utility analysis: Cardinal approach-the law of diminishing marginal utility-the law of equi-marginal utility-concept of consumer's surplus
• Demand analysis-law of demand-elasticity of demand-measurement of elasticity of demand-price, income & cross elasticities of demand
• Ordinal approach: Indifference curve analysis-properties of indifference curves-price or budget line-equilibrium of the consumer with the help of indifference curves- Samuelson’s revealed preference theory

Economics: Unit 02

• Production function-concept of homogeneous production function-Cobb- Douglas production function-law of variable proportions-law of returns to scale-different concepts of costs-explicit & implicit, opportunity, total-fixed and variable costs
• Marginal & average costs & its relationship
• Concept of revenue-total, marginal & average revenue and break-even point
• Analyse different types of market structures-perfect competition-price determination and equilibrium of firm and industry under perfect competition, monopoly-price determination-price discrimination
• Monopolistic competition-price determination-oligopoly-Kinked demand curve approach
• Marginal productivity theory of distribution-theories of wage determination-subsistence theory of wages, standard of living theory of wages, modern theory of wages-wages and collective bargaining-concept of minimum wage
• Theory of rent: Ricardian theory of rent-quasi rent concept of Alfred Marshall
• Theories of interest-classical, neo-classical and Keynes liquidity Preference theory-Profit-dynamic, innovations, risk and uncertainty theories

Economics: Unit 03

• Meaning-definition of macro economics-importance of macro economics-difference between micro and macro economics-Paradox of macro economics-limitations national income-definitions, concepts of national income
• Measurement of national income-circular flow of income in two, three and four sector economy
• Classical theory of employment-Say's law of markets
• Keynesian theory of employment-consumption function-investment function-marginal efficiency of Capital (MEC)-concepts of multiplier and accelerator
• Meaning and functions of money-classification of money-Gresham's law-RBI classification of money
• Theories of money-Fisher's quantity theory of money Cambridge approach (Marshall, Pigou, Robertson & Keynes)

Economics: Unit 04

• Trade cycles-meaning and definitions-phases of a trade cycle-inflation-definition-types of inflation-causes and effects of inflation measures to control inflation
• Banking: Meaning and definition-functions of commercial banks
• Concept of credit creation-functions of RBI-recent developments in banking sectors
• Non-bank financial institutions-types of NBFIs-factors contributing to the growth of NBFIs-money market-defects of Indian money market
• Concepts of shares-debentures-stock market-functions-primary and secondary markets-SEBI-insurance-life insurance and general insurance
• Macro economic policy-fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies objectives and significance-importance of international trade-regional and international trade-defining balance of trade and balance of payment

Economics: Unit 05

• Concept of economic growth-distinction between economic growth and development-measurement of economic development-theories of economic growth-Adam Smith, Rostow, Karl Marx and Harrod & Domar models
• Sustainable development-balanced and unbalanced growth-choice of techniques labour intensive and capital-intensive methods
• Basic features of the Indian economy-natural resources-important demographic features, concept of population dividend-population policy
• National income in India-trends and compositionpoverty, inequalities and unemployment-measures taken by the government-MGNREGS economic reforms-liberalization, privatization and globalisation-concept of inclusive growth

Economics: Unit 06

• Indian agriculture-importance of agriculture in India-Agrarian structure and relations factors determining productivity-agricultural infrastructure-rural credit-micro finance- self help groups (SHGs)-agricultural price policy
• Concept of crop insurance-food security
• Structure and growth of Indian industry-industrial policies of 1956 & 1991 meaning of micro small and medium enterprises (MSMEs)- poblems and prospects of small scale industries in India
• Disinvestment in India-FEMA-foreign direct investment, services sector in India- reforms in banking and insurance-, IT, education and health
• Planning in India economy-objectives of five-year plans-review of five-year plans-current five-year plan-NITI Aayog
• Andhra Pradesh economy-population-GSDP-sector contribution and trends-IT-small scale industry-SEZs

Tourism: Unit 01

• Harappan civilization-vedic culture-society and culture during Ramayana and Mahabharata times

Tourism: Unit 02

• Mauryas and Guptas

Tourism: Unit 03

• their contribution to culture

Tourism: Unit 04

• Rajputs their contribution to art and religion

Tourism: Unit 05

• their contribution to religion and culture

Tourism: Unit 06

• their contribution to religion and culture

Tourism: Unit 07

• Saivism and Vaishnavism

Tourism: Unit 08

• Contribution to religion, culture and literature

Tourism: Unit 09

• their contribution to culture

Tourism: Unit 10

Tourism: Unit 11

Tourism: Unit 12

Commerce: Unit 01

• Concept-definition-objectives-need for accounting-accounting cycle-book keeping and accounting-accounting concepts and conventions-classification of accounts and its rules-advantages-limitations-journal entry principles-ledger preparation
• Types of subsidiary books-cash book, three-column cash book, petty cash book
• Preparation of trial balance-types of accounting error
• Need for bank reconciliation-reasons for difference between cash book and pass book balances-preparation of bank reconciliation statement
• Preparation of final accounts: Trading account-profit and loss account-balance sheet-final accounts with adjustments
• Meaning of depreciation-methods of depreciation-provision Vs. reserve-preparation of bad debts account-provision for bad and doubtful debts-provision for discount on debtors-provision for discount on creditors
• Repairs and renewals reserve A/c. meaning of bill-features of bill-parties in the bill-discounting of bill-renewal of bill-entries in the books of drawer and drawee
• Consignment-features-proforma invoice-account sales-del-credre commission-accounting treatment in the books of consigner andconsignee-valuation of closing stock-normal and abnormal losses
• Joint venture-features-differences between joint-venture and consignment-tools and techniques of financial accounting analysis-common size balanace sheet-comparative balance sheet
• Construction contracts-revenue recognition-accounting for fixed assets
• Effects of changes in foreign exchange rates-accounting for government grants-accounting for amalgamation
• Employee benefits-borrowing costs-Indian accounting standards

Commerce: Unit 02

• Cost concepts-definitions-classification of costs-distinguish between financial accounting, cost accounting and management accounting-preparation of cost sheet advantages- limitations
• Elements of cost: Materials-components of material cost-material control-calculation of material cost per unit-materials management techniques: ABC technique-FIFO, LIFO, weighted average, base stock methods
• Labour: Elements of labour cost-calculation of cost per labour hour/head-control of labor costs-time keeping and time booking-idle time-methods of remuneration-labour incentives schemes
• Overheads: Allocation and apportionment of overheads-machine hour rate
• Job costing: Advantages-applications-process costing-treatment of normal and abnormal process losses-preparation of process cost accounts-treatment of waste and scrap
• Joint products and by products
• Marginal costing-standard costing-variance analysis: Materials-labour-overheads techniques and methods of cost accounting

Commerce: Unit 03

• Concepts-definitions-need and significance of management accounting-management reports-techniques of management accounting-methods of management accounting- concept of fund-preparation of funds flow statement
• Uses and limitations of funds flow analysis
• Concept of cash flow-preparation of cash flow statement-uses and limitations of cash flow analysis
• Calculation of break-even point-uses and limitations-margin of safety-make/buy decision-lease/own decision
• Meaning and definitions of business economics-nature and scope of business economics micro and macro economics and their differences
• Meaning and definition of demand-determinants of demand-demand function-law of demand-demand curve-exceptions to law of demand
• Meaning and definition of elasticity of demand-types of elasticity of demand-measurements of price elasticity of demand-total outlay method-point method-Arc method
• Classification of costs-total-average-marginal and cost function-long-run-short-run-total revenue-average revenue-marginal revenue
• Type of costs-fixed cost-semi-variable cost-variable cost-cost behavior
• Techniques of Maximization of output, minimization of costs and maximization of profit-scale of production-economies and dis-economies of scale
• Costs of production-Cobb-Douglas production function
• Concepts of economic liberalization, privatization, globalization-WTO objectives agreements-functions-trade cycles-meaning-phases-benefits of international trade-balance of trade and balance of payments

Commerce: Unit 04

• Concepts of business, trade, Industry and commerce-features of business-types of business organisations-trade classification-aids to trade-industry-classification relationship of trade, industry and commerce
• Functions of business and their relationship-factors influencing the choice of suitable form of organization-meaning of entrepreneurship-characteristics of a good entrepreneur-types-functions of entrepreneurship
• Sole proprietorship-meaning-characteristics-advantages and disadvantages-partnership-meaning-characteristics-kinds of partners-advantages and disadvantages-partnership deed-hindu-undivided family-cooperative societies
• Joint stock company-meaning-characteristics-advantages-kinds of companies-differences between private Ltd and public Ltd companies
• Preparation of important documents for incorporation of company-memorandum of association-articles of association-differences between memorandum of association and articles of association-prospectus and its contents

Commerce: Unit 05

• Meaning and definition of contract-essential elements of valid contract-valid, void and voidable contracts-Indian contract act, 1872
• Definition of valid offer, acceptance and consideration-essential elements of a valid offer
• Acceptance and consideration
• Rules regarding to minors contracts-rules relating to contingent contracts-different modes of discharge of contracts-Rules relating to remedies to breach of contract
• Contract of sale-sale and agreement to sell-implied conditions and warranties-rights of unpaid vendor
• Cyber law and contract procedures-digital signature-safety mechanisms-employee compensation act-consumer protection act

Commerce: Unit 06

• Meaning-definitions of bank-functions of banks-kinds of banks-central banking Vs. commercial banking
• Unit banking, branch banking, investment banking-innovations in banking-E-Banking
• Online and offshore banking, internet banking-anywhere banking-ATMs-RTGS
• Indigenous banking-cooperative banks, regional rural banks, SIDBI, NABARD-EXIM bank
• Meaning and definition of banker and customer-types of customers-general relationship and special relationship between banker and customer-KYC norms
• Concepts-duties & responsibilities of collecting banker
• Holder for value-holder in due course-statutory protection to collecting banker-responsibilities of paying banker-payment gateways-role of IT in banking-role of banking in financial inclusion and sustainable development

Commerce: Unit 07

• Features of electronic commerce-models-types of e-commerce-distinction between e-commerce and e-business-types of business models-B2B, B2C, C2C-benefits and limitations of e-commerce-applications
• Integration and e-business suits-ERP, e-SCM, eCRM-methods and benefits of e-payment systems-e-marketing-applications and issues
• E-tourism-e-recruitment-e-real estate-e-stock market-e-music/movies-e-publishing and e-books
• Process-methods- e-content development and deliveries-major technologies used in e-education-online testing-methods-future trends
• Ticketing-Mee-Seva; government and consumer services-e-retailing-e-groceries-security challenges-case studies

Commerce: Unit 08

• Meaning-objectives-importance of auditing-auditing as a Vigil mechanism-role of auditor in checking corporate frauds
• Based on ownership and time-independent, financial, internal, cost, tax, government, secretarial audits
• Steps to be taken at the commencement of a new audit-audit programme-audit note book-internal check, internal audit and internal control
• Vouching of cash and trading transactions-investigation, auditing vs.investigation
• Auditor’s qualifications-appointment and reappointment-rights, duties, liabilities and disqualifications-audit report-contents-preparation-relevant provisions of companies act, 2013
• Income from business or profession, tax provisions for certain types of businesses
• Capital gains, income from other sources-tax provisions for off shore and special tax zones
• Computation of gross total income-deductions, carry-forward and set-off of losses-minimum alternative tax (MAT)
• Procedure for filing returns, e-filing, assessment, reassessment and settlement of cases, special procedure for assessment of search cases
• Powers and duties-appeals and revisions-tax administration-collection of tax at source-advance payment of tax-recovery and refund of tax-penalties, offences and prosecution

Commerce: Unit 09

• Business environment-meaning-macro and micro dimensions of business environment-economic-political-social-technological-legal-ecological-cultural-demographic-changing scenario and implications
• Indian perspective-global perspective-impact of liberalisation,-privatisation and globalisation on business growth and expansion
• Meaning of economic growth-factors influencing development-balanced regional development
• Rostow’s stages of economic development-meaning-types of plans-main objects of planning in India-NITI Ayog and national development council-five year plans. Economic reforms and new economic policy-new industrial policy
• Competition law-fiscal policy-objectives and limitations-union budget-structure and importance of union budget-monetary policy and RBI
• Concept of social justice-schemes-political stability-leal changes

Education: Unit 01

• Introduction to philosophy and education: Concept and scope of philosophy, concept and scope of education, objectives, need, types and functions of education, relationship between philosophy and education, significance of philosophy and of education
• Indian education: Historical perspective: Education during ancient period (vedic education, buddhist education and jains), education during medieval period (including islamic education)
• Indian education: Education during modern period (pre-independent and post-independent era) Rabindranath Tagore, SriAurobindo Ghosh, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Jiddu Krishna Murthy, Dr.BR.Ambedkar, Moulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Eastern systems and western schools of philosophy: Eastern systems of philosophy, Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vedanta, Western Schools of Philosophy, Idealism, naturalism, pragmatism, existentialism
• Value education: Concept of value, classification of values-difference between values and ethics, value crisis, approaches to inculcate values, significance of values in harmonious life
• Teaching as a profession: Teacher’s role in future society and societal development

Education: Unit 02

• Culture and education: Meaning and definitions of culture, characteristics of culture, dimensions of culture, cultural lag, cultural pluralism, impact of culture on education, role of education in preservation, transmission and promotion of culture
• Social change and education: Meaning and factors responsible for social change, concept and attributes of modernization, social stratification, social ,mobility and education, education as a facilitator for social change
• Social change and education: Social networking and its implications on social cohesion and education
• Democracy and education: Concept and principles of democracy, equality and equity in education, preamble of the constitution in relation to education
• Democracy and education: Role of education in strengthening democracy and democratic citizenship-teacher as a democrat
• Education and national integration: Concept, need for national integration, education as an instrument for national integration, programmes to promote national integration and international understanding
• Education and national integration: Peace education in schools, social crisis and its management

Education: Unit 03

• Normative vision of Indian education: Indian constitution-constitution of India-basic features-fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, federal structure, features and structure of Indian education
• Preamble of the constitution: The ideals-sovereign nation, democratic and secular polity, liberty equality and fraternity, justic-social, economic and political

Education: Unit 04

• Human rights: Meaning nature and classification; right of children-international convention and Indian constitution; education as fundamental right of children-2009
• Issues in Implementing RTE-2009: A critical understanding-issues that affect and negate the children’s right to education (child labor-street children, abandoned and orphans)-differently-abled children
• Issues in Implementing RTE-2009: Attitude towards the girl child and her participation in schooling, punishment, abuse and violence in Schools)

Education: Unit 05

• Equality of educational opportunity: Meaning and nature-forms of inequality-religion, regional, caste, gender and other marginalized groups
• Inequality in Schooling: Public-private schools, rural-urban schools, mass-elite schools, single teacher schools and many other forms of in-equal school systems
• Critical understanding of Paradox of equal opportunity and in-equal schooling-positive discrimination; concept and issues and policy interventions
• Schooling: Quality concerns and issues-universal access, universal enrollment, universal retention, universal success
• Understanding exclusion in schooling: Exclusion-meaning and nature, forms of exclusion-a) physical / psychological exclusion, different types of differently abled children nature of problems and their impact on learning
• Understanding exclusion in schooling: Measure to address the issue of learning of differently abled children and professional preparedness of institutions; socio-cultural and economic exclusion-understanding different forms of socio-culture
• Understanding exclusion in schooling: Economic exclusion in schooling-caste, class, gender, minority, and other marginalized sections of the society
• Secondary education: Concerns and issues -secondary school stage-its linkages with primary and higher secondary stages of education, aims of secondary school stages of education
• Secondary education: Concerns and issues-universalisation of secondary school stages of education-its status-quantitative expansion, qualitative consolidation and equity perspective-a sociological understanding
• Secondary education: Concerns and issues-universalisation of secondary school stages of educatio-iIssues in secondary school stages of education-privatization, vocationalization
• Secondary education: Concerns and issues-reforms in secondary school stages education-curricular, pedagogical and examinations
• Secondary education: Concerns and issues-universalisation of secondary school stages of education-Rashtriya Madhyamika ShikshaAbhiyan (RMSA)-goals and policy intervention for quality secondary school stages of education

Education: Unit 06

• Basics of gender: Concept, meaning, scope of gender, the difference between sex and gender-gender discrimination, the characteristics of patriarchal system and its impact on Wome’s status, the need and importance of Women’s education-benefits
• Factors affecting gender discrimination: Sociolisation process and its impact on decision making women/ girls education, rural/ urban /tribal societies in relation to girls education, women and girls status at present in our society
• Historical perspectives and changing status of women: Epic vedic age-Kaikeyi, Sathyabhama, Gargi, Maitreyi, Lopamudra etc. Medieval age-Rami Lakshmi Bai, Chennamma, Rudramadevi. British age-Victoria, Elizebeth, Noorjahan
• Historical perspectives and changing status of women: Present age-Indira Gandhi, SushmaSwaraj, Bandaranayake, Kiranbedi, KalpanaChawala, Prathibapatil, Meerakumar
• Legal issues of gender: Women‟s rights, legal provisions, equality of sexes, education and division of labour-home, school, society, work place
• Gender and education: Educational provisions specially meant for girls’ education, emerging trends in the field of girls’ education-reservations, gender as an influencing factor in course choices
• Gender and education: Women empowerment through girls’ education-need-national development

Education: Unit 07

• Approaches of human development: Concept of growth, development and maturation, principles of development, stages of growth and development (infancy childhood, adolescence)
• Approaches of human development: Dimensions of growth and development (physical, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, language), longitudinal and cross sectional approaches of understanding development
• Theories of development: Cognitive theory of development (Piaget), psycho-socialtheory of development (Erikson). Theory of moral development (Kohlberg)
• Theories of development: Theory of psycho-sexual development (Freud). Theory of emotional development (Goleman)
• Childhood as a period of socialization: Characteristics of childhood-developmental tasks. Child development-physical, cognitive, social, emotional, moral and language development during childhood
• Childhood as a period of socialization: Child in different socio-cultural contexts. Process of socialization-conflicts resolution and social development. Stages of social development-Isolated play, parallel play and social play
• Childhood as a period of socialization: Characteristics of socially matured person
• Adolescence as a period of transition: Characteristics and functions in adolescence, genesis of problems during adolescence-Physical, cognitive, emotional, social, moral and language development
• Adolescence as a period of transition: Adolescent groups-gangs, mechanisms of adjustment with special reference to defence mechanisms and holistic development
• Adolescence as a period of transition: Leadership-meaning-types of leadership, development of leadership qualities in adolescents and its educational implications
• Individual differences: Dimensions of individual differences-cognitive abilities, interests, aptitude, creativity, personality and values, theory of multiple intelligence ( Gardner)- implications for understanding differences in children
• Individual differences: Difference in children based on learning styles and socio cultural context (home language and Instructional language). Individual differences based on cognitive abilities-learning difficulties
• Individual differences: Slow learners and intellectually challenged, intellectual giftedness -implications for catering to individual variations in view of “differences” rather than “deficits” perspective
• Individual differences: Fostering creativity among children

Education: Unit 08

• Process of learning: Concept of learning, types of learning and factors influencing learning, learning process-attention, sensation, perception, and concept formation
• Process of learning: Memory & forgetting-concept, types of memory, applicability to learning and strategies for better management of memory. Transfer of learning: concept, theories and types(horizontal and vertical)
• Process of learning: Role of motivation in learning; methods of improving motivation
• Behaviourist perspectives of learning: Trial and error-thorndike, laws of learning, concept and principles and classroom implications, classical conditioning-Pavlov, concept and principles and classroom implications
• Behaviourist perspectives of learning: Operant conditioning-skinner, concept and principles and classroom implications, compare these perspectives in terms of their merits and applicability to classroom learning
• Cognitive and humanist perspectives of learning: Cognitive perspectives of learning (insight learning-Kohler, discovery learning-Bruner, developmental theory of learning- Piaget, social learning-Bandura, social constructivism-Vygotsky)
• Humanist perspectives of learning (learner centered approach-rogers)
• Teaching process: Concept of teaching, teaching as a profession and teacher as a professional, teaching as an art and science, distinction between Instruction, training and teaching, phases of teaching: planning, execution and reflection
• Teaching process: Role of teacher in teaching learning process: teacher as a model, facilitator, negotiator, co-learner, reflective practitioner and classroom researcher, functions of a teacher in classroom, school and community
• Learning environment and learning engagement: Meaning of learning environment and learning engagement, creating positive and productive environment for learning- creation of emotionally safe learning environment to increase learning
• Learning environment and learning engagement: Development of emotional intelligence, role of culture in the educative process, creating culturally responsive learning environment, create cultural congruity between home and school
• Learning environment and learning engagement: Assisted performance, supervised discussion and reciprocal teaching as strategies to enhance motivation and learning

Physical education: Unit 01

• Historical development of physical education, physical education in India (after 1947), Greece, Germany, YMCA, LNIPE, NSNIS, IOA, SAI, foundations of physical education philosophical foundation-idealism
• Pragmatism, naturalism, realism, humanism, existentialism biological-growth and development, gender difference-physical, physiological & anthropometric sheldon and Kretchmer)
• Psychological: Types of learning, learning curve, laws and principles of learning

Physical education: Unit 02

• Meaning and definition of anatomy, physiology and their importance in physical education
• Structure, function and division of cell, functions and types of tissues, skeletal system, types of bones and joints, blood and circulatory system, blood and circulatory system, digestive system, digestive system, endocrine system

Physical education: Unit 03

• Teaching technique, presentation technique, types of command, teaching aids, meaning and importance of teaching aids
• Types of teaching aids types of method of drawing fixtures, intramural and extramural and their importance, sports day/ play day, lesson planning-meaning, type, principles and lesson plan
• General, particular/ specific and coaching lesson plan

Physical education: Unit 04

• Meaning, definition of psychology and sports psychology-heredity and environment-personality-types of personality-personality traits-need and importance of sports psychology

Physical education: Unit 05

• Origin of olympic movement aims of olympic movement, the early history of the olympic movement, the significant stages in the development of the modern olympic movement, educational and cultural values of olympic movement
• Olympic rings, olympic flag, olympic protocol for member countries, olympic code of ethics, olympics in action, sports for all, para olympic games, summer olympics, winter olympics, youth olympic games
• International olympic committee, olympic medal winners of India

Physical education: Unit 06

• Terminology of fundamental movements, planes and axes, gravity, base, centre of gravity, equilibrium, line of gravity, structure and functional classification of joints and muscles
• Types of muscle contractions, postures, levers, Newton's laws of motion

Physical education: Unit 07

• Definition of health, school health programs, communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, first-aid

Physical education: Unit 08

• Principles of evaluation, criteria of good test, AAHPER youth fitness test, JCR test, cooper's 12 minute run/ walk test, Harvard step test, Indiana Motor fitness test, barrow motor ability test

Life science: Unit 01

• Ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, structural differences of plant and animal cell, structure and function of cell organelles
• Cell division-Mitosis and Meiosis
• Chromosomes structure, Karyotype

Life science: Unit 02

• Mendelian and non-mendelian principles, segregation and independent assortment, gene interaction, linkage and crossing over, sex determination, sex linkage, mutations- genetic and chromosomal (physical and chemical mutagenesis)
• Polyploidy, somatic hybrids and cybrids, chromosomal aberrations in humans
• Recombination in prokaryotes transformation, conjugation, transduction, sexduction
• Extra genomic inheritance

Life science: Unit 03

• Central dogma, structure of eukaryotic gene, DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication in pro and eukaryotes, transcription and translation in pro and eukaryotes, genetic code
• Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (operon concept), principles of recombinant DNA technology
• DNA vectors, transgenes is, applications of genetic engineering

Life science: Unit 04

• Plant and animal cell culture, cloning, fermenters types and process, bio pesticides, bio fertilizers, bioremediation, renewable and non-renewable energy resources, non conventional fuels

Life science: Unit 05

• Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, vitamins and porphyrins
• Enzymes-classification and mode of action, enzyme assay, enzyme units, enzyme inhibition, enzyme kinetics, factors regulating enzyme action
• Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation

Life science: Unit 06

• Types of immunity, cells and organelles of immune system, antigen-antibody reaction
• Monoclonal antibodies, immunotechniques, hypersensitivity, complement system, vaccines

Life science: Unit 07

• Microscopy-light and electron, centrifugation, chromatography, eletrophoresis, calorimetric and spectrophotometric techniques, blotting techniques, PCR, DNA finger printing

Life science: Unit 08

• Theories and evidences of organic evolution, Hardy-Weinberg law
• Basic concepts of Ecology (ecosystem, ecotone, ecotype, biome and biomass), ecological pyramids and energy flow, biogeochemical cycles, ecological adaptations
• Climatic and edaphic and biotic factors
• Ecological succession-hydrosere and xerosere, natural resources, biodiversity, current environmental issues, environmental pollution, global warming and climate change

Life science: Unit 09

• Structure and function of liver, kidney and heart, composition of blood, blood types, blood coagulation, digestion and absorption, endocrinology, muscle and nervous system

Life science: Unit 10

• Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, aminoacids and nucleic acids
• Biological oxidation and bioenergetics

Life science: Unit 11

• Biology of invertebrates and chordates; embryology of chordates, classification of marine environment-physical and chemical parameters, marine, estuarine, reservoir and riverine fisheries, cultivation of fin and shell fish
• Culture practices

Life science: Unit 12

• Classification of cryptogams and phanerogams
• General characteristics of taxonomic groups at class and family level Water relations and mineral nutrition of plants, plant growth regulators (phytohormones)
• Ethnobotany and medicinal plants, biology of plant seed, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, transpiration

Life science: Unit 13

• Microbes-types, distribution and biology
• Isolation and cultivation of bacteria and virus
• Staining techniques
• Bacterial growth curve, microbial diseases-food, air and water borne, insect borne, contact diseases in humans
• Microbial diseases in plants-by bacteria, fungi and virus, plant microbe-interactions

Life science: Unit 14

• Types of nutrition (autotrophs and heterotrophs), biological value of proteins, protein malnutrition, disorders, chemistry and physiological role of vitamins and minerals in living systems

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 01

• Impact of maternal malnutrition on outcome of pregnancy nutrient requirement, intake and gaps, prenatal and antenatal nutritional importance, metabolic adjustments in pregnancy; nutrition intervention and pregnancy outcome
• Common symptoms (nausea and vomiting, Heartburn-Pica, habits constipation), nutritional management, problems and complications

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 02

• Nutritional requirements, intake, gaps, physiology of milk production, hormonal control, effects of lactation on Nutrition composition of Human-Milk
• Factors affecting breast milk quality and comparative advantages & disadvantages of breast and formula feeding

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 03

• Nutritional requirements, intake and gaps
• Suitability of breast milk to the infant
• Need for infant formulae, types of infant formulae, care in preparation, importance of preparation of weaning foods using locally available foods
• Home prepared versus commercial weaning foods, Feeding problems-Lactose and cow’s milk protein intolerance, vomiting, diarrhea, teething problems, concept of human milk bank for specific nutritional problems

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 04

• Age, growth & development, nutrient requirements, intake and gaps
• Effects of macro & micro nutrient malnutrition on physical mental development

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 05

• Nutritional demands, intake and gaps. Importance of breakfast and its impact on school performance, specific nutritional problems, macro and micro nutrient deficiencies and their impact on health and nutritional status and control measures

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 06

• Functions, storage, effect of excess/low intake of carbohydrates, dietary carbohydrates and oral diseases

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 07

• Lipids and fatty acid requirements, functions, storage, lipid transformation in the liver, lip tropic factors, role of essential fatty acids, prostaglandins, deposition of fat in the body, effects of deficiency and excess of fats

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 08

• Review of functions, sources, protein turnover, synthesis and stores, proteins as a source of energy, protein requirements through factorial method and balance study
• Evolution of dietary protein quality, vegetable protein mixtures in combating protein malnutrition

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 09

• Menu and meal planning, principles and importance of diet planning dietary guidelines, normal and therapeutic diets, low-cost nutritious recipes

Food and nutrition sciences: Unit 10

• Nutritional problems, nutritional status assessment; direct and indirect methods, nutrition intervention programmes for children, women and families, nutrition education programmes

Botany: Unit 01

• Discovery of microorganisms, origin of life, spontaneous, biogenesis, Pasteur experiments, germ theory of disease
• Classification of microorganisms: R.H. Whittaker’s five kingdom concept, Carl Woese’s- domain system
• Brief account of special groups of bacteria- Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Actinomycetes, Rickettsias and Cyanobacteria
• Viruses: Discovery, general account, structure& replication of-T4 phage (Lytic, Lysogenic) and TMV, Viroids, Prions. Plant diseases caused by viruses-symptoms, transmission and control measures (brief account only)
• Viruses: Study of Tobacco Mosaic, Bhendi Vein clearing and Papaya leaf curl diseases
• Bacteria: Discovery, General characteristics, cell structure and nutrition. Reproduction-asexual and bacterial recombination (conjugation, transformation, transduction). Economic importance of bacteria

Botany: Unit 02

• Algae: General account of thallus organization and reproduction in Algae. Fritsch classification of Algae (up to classes only) and economic importance. Structure, reproduction and life history of Oedogonium, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia
• Fungi: General characteristics and outline classification (Ainsworth). Structure, reproduction and life history of Rhizopus (Zygomycota), Penicillium (Ascomycota), and Puccinia (Basidiomycota). Lichens: Structure and reproduction
• Fungi: Lichens-ecological and economic importance
• Bryophytes: General characters, Classification. Structure, reproduction and life history of Marchantia, and Funaria. Evolution of sporophyte in Bryophytes
• Pteridophytes: General characters, classification. Structure, reproduction and life history of Lycopodium, and Marsilea. Heterospory and seed habit. Evolution of stele in Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms: General characters, classification. Morphology, anatomy, reproduction and life history of Pinus and Gnetum. Economic importance with reference to wood, essential oils and drugs

Botany: Unit 03

• Tissues and tissue systems: Meristems-root and shoot apical meristems histological organization. Tissues-meristematic and permanent tissues (simple, complex, secretory) tissue systems-epidermal, ground and vascular
• Secondary growth: Anomalous secondary growth in achyranthes, boerhaavia and dracaena. Local timbers economic importance-teak, rosewood, red sanders and Arjuna (Tellamaddi)

Botany: Unit 04

• Introduction to plant taxonomy: Fundamental components of taxonomy (identification, nomenclature, classification), taxonomic resources-Herbarium-functions and important herbaria, botanical gardens, flora
• Introduction to plant taxonomy: Keys-single access and multi-access, botanical nomenclature-principles and rules of ICBN (ranks and names; principle of priority, binomial system; type method, author citation, valid-publication)
• Classification: Types of classifications-artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham & Hooker’s system and Engler & Prantle’s system of classification merits and demerits. Phylogeny, origin and evolution of Angiosperms
• Systematic taxonomy-systematic study and economic importance of-asteraceae, asclepiadaceae, lamiaceae, ephorbiaceae, arecaceae,and poaceae

Botany: Unit 05

• Anther structure, microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte. Ovule structure and types; megasporogenesis, development of monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic (peperomia, drusa, adoxa) embryo sacs
• Pollination and fertilization (out lines) endosperm development and types
• Development of dicot and monocot embryos, polyembryony

Botany: Unit 06

• Plant water relations: Physical properties of water, importance of water to plant life. Diffusion, imbibition and osmosis; concept & components of Water potential. Absorption and transport of water and ascent of sap
• Plant water relations: Transpiration-definition, types of transpiration, structure, opening and closing mechanism of stomata
• Mineral nutrition & enzymes: Mineral nutrition-essential elements (macro and micronutrients) and their role in plant metabolism, deficiency symptoms. Mineral ion uptake (active and passive transport)
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic light reactions, photo phosphorylation, carbon assimilation pathways: C3, C4, and CAM (brief account). Photorespiration and its significance
• Photosynthesis: Translocation of organic solutes-mechanism of phloem transport, source-sink relationships
• Plant metabolism: Respiration: Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle, electron transport system. Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Lipid Metabolism-types of lipids, Betaoxidation
• Growth and development: Growth and development-definition, phases and kinetics of growth. Physiological effects of phytohormones:Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, ABA, Ethylene and Brassinosteroids
• Growth and development: Physiology of flowering-photoperiodism, role of phytochrome in flowering; Vernalization. Physiology of scenescence and ageing

Botany: Unit 07

• Cell biology: Cell, the unit of life; cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; eukaryotic cell components. Ultra structure and functions of cell wall and cell membranes
• Cell biology: Chromosomes-morphology, organization of DNA in a chromosome (nucleosome model), Euchromatin and heterochromatin

Botany: Unit 08

• Genetic material: DNA as the genetic material-Griffith’s and Avery’s transformation experiment, Hershey-chase bacteriophage experiment. DNA structure (Watson & Crick model) replication of DNA (semi conservative)
• Genetic material: Types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), their structure and function
• Mendelian inheritance: Mendel’s laws of inheritance (Monoand Di hybrid crosses); backcross and test cross. Chromosome theory of Inheritance. Linkage-concept, complete and incomplete linkage, coupling and repulsion
• Mendelian inheritance: Linkage maps based on two and three factor crosses. Crossing over-concept & significance

Botany: Unit 09

• Plant breeding: Introduction and objectives of plant breeding. Methods of crop improvement-procedure, advantages and limitations of introduction, selection, and hybridization (outlines only)
• Crop improvement and biotechnology: Role of mutations in crop improvement. Role of soma clonal variations in crop improvement. Molecular breeding-use of DNA markers in plant breeding and crop improvement (RAPD, RFLP)

Botany: Unit 10

• Elements of ecology: Ecology- definition, branches and significance of ecology. Climatic factors-light, temperature, precipitation. Edaphic factors-origin, formation, composition and soil profile
• Elements of ecology: Biotic factor-interactions between plants and animals
• Ecosystem ecology: Ecosystem-concept and components, energy flow, food chain, food web, ecological pyramids. Productivity of ecosystem-primary, secondary and net productivity. Biogeochemical cycles-carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous
• Population & community ecology: Population-definition, characteristics and importance, Ecotypes. Plant communities-characters of a community-frequency, density, cover, life forms, competition. Interaction between plants growing in a community.
• Phytogeography: Principles of phytogeography, distribution (wides, endemic, discontinuous species) phytogeography regions of India. and world. Endemism-types and causes
• Plant biodiversity and its importance: Definition, levels of biodiversity-genetic, species and ecosystem. Biodiversity hotspots-criteria, biodiversity hotspots of India. Loss of biodiversity- causes and conservation (In-situ andex-situ methods)
• Seed banks: conservation of genetic resources and their importance

Sericulture: Unit 01

• Botanical description and taxonomical characters of mulberry varieties and species-anatomy of root (primary & secondary), stem (primary & secondary), petiole and leaf- influence of environment on mulberry growth and development-soil
• Physical and chemical properties of soils, soil texture, soil structure and their classification in relation to mulberry growth red loamy soils, clay soils, sandy soils and black soils

Sericulture: Unit 02

• Asexual propagation or vegetative propagation-propagation by cuttings-grafting-stem, bud and root grafting-layering-simple, air, trench-sexual propagation through seeds and seedlings preparation-nursery technology

Sericulture: Unit 03

• Factors of soil for mulberry growth-mulberry cultivation
• Selection of the land-preparation of the land-planting material-methods of planting-a) Pit system, b) row system Irrigation methods
• Flatbed method, basin method, furrow method, sprinkler or over head method, drip irrigation-manuring

Sericulture: Unit 04

• Inter cultivation and weeding, systematic position of common weeds of mulberry garden, preventive & control measures
• Integrated weed control-2)-methods of pruning- low cut, high cut, and middle cut, head and non-head type of pruning-3)-methods of leaf harvest- leaf picking, branch harvest and whole shoot harvest-preservation

Sericulture: Unit 05

• Brief account of photosynthesis; carbon fixation and their relation to leaf quality and productivity-chemical composition of mulberry leaf.
• In relation to environmental conditions, soil conditions, cultural practices-plant nutrition
• Macronutrients; micronutrients their role in growth and respective deficiency syndromes growth regulating substances and their application in improvement of mulberry

Sericulture: Unit 06

• Porogenesis-microsporogenesis-development of microspores; megasporogenesis-development of megaspores-fertilization-embryo development polyembryony; parthenogenesis; parthenocarpy

Sericulture: Unit 07

• Cytological aspects of mulberry-brief account of Mendelian genetics, selection, scope and methods
• Collectionand maintenance of Germplasm bank
• Breeding of mulberry-plant introduction and acclimatization
• Hybridization-scope, application and limitations polyploidy euploidy, aneuploidy, introduction of polyploidy and their significance
• Mutations-natural, induced-techniques, applications, limitations

Sericulture: Unit 08

• Introduction and scope of biotechnology in mulberry improvement biofertilizers-biofertilizers and their application in mulberry cultivation, methods of application, scope and limitation
• Vermi technology
• Mulching: Mulches and their significance in soil conservation-tissue culture-tissue culture techniques in mulberry anther/ pollen culture, callus culture, somoclonal variants, somatic, hybrid in vitro screening cryopreservation

Sericulture: Unit 09

• Introduction to Plant diseases: Foliar Diseases-powdery mildew-rust-leaf spot; D.Tukra. Stem diseases-trunk rot-dog are blight. Root diseases-White root-rot. Violet root rot Root-knot. Prevention and control of mulberry diseases
• Pest attack on mulberry: Identification of different types of leaf eating caterpillars, jassids, mealy bugs, thrips, scale insects, beetles, nature of damage, preventive and control measures
• Pest attack on mulberry: Common pesticides, chemical nature, mode of action. Integrated pest management methods

Sericulture: Unit 10

• Water management and watershed management concept-significance of water recharging technologies-Intercropping and uses for soil management-economics of mulberry cultivation-Bye-products of mulberry and their industrial use

Sericulture: Unit 11

• Systematic position of mulberry and non mulberry silkworms in the animal kingdom (taxonomic classification)-kinds of silkworms & geographical distribution (mulberry and non mulberry silkworms)
• Life cycle (holometabola) of silkworm-egg stage, larva stage, pupa stage and adult stage

Sericulture: Unit 12

• Morphology of silkworm egg, larva, pupa & moth
• Anatomy of silkworm larva-digestive system, excretory system, respiratory, circulatory and central nervous system and silk glands male and female reproductive system
• Introduction, structure and functions of endocrine glands (brain, corpora allatum, prothoracic gland, corpora cardiaca & sub oesophageal ganglion)

Sericulture: Unit 13

• Introduction of silkworm rearing rearing equipment-rearing stand, rearing trays, ant wells, paraffin papers, foam rubber pads, chopsticks, feathers, chopping boards, leaf chambers, cleaning nets, mountages
• Disinfection of rearing house-methods, eco-friendly disinfectants-precautions during disinfection-rearing and impact of environmental factors

Sericulture: Unit 14

• Preparatory work for incubation of silkworm egg development of silkworm embryo-environmental conditions for incubation-technical management in incubation preservation of eggs for initiation of rearing

Sericulture: Unit 15

• Rearing of chawki silkworms: Paraffin paper method-box rearing cooperative rearing scientific rearing technology-brushing, feeding, bed cleaning, spacing-moulting and care during moulting-adult silkworm rearing methods
• Rearing of chawki silkworms: Mounting-methods-various mountages, spinning and harvesting

Sericulture: Unit 16

• Grainage introduction: Indian sericulture scenario in egg production-grainage system in A.P-model grainage-grainage equipment-economics of egg-production

Sericulture: Unit 17

• Grainage activities (hybrid disease free egg laying): Disinfection of grainage-P1 seed cocoon procurement and transportation of seed cocoons-cocoon sorting and cocoon arrangements-sex separation
• Moth emergence & synchronization of moth emergence, pairing & de-pairing oviposit ion, refrigeration of male moths-pupal gut examination
• Moth examination: (Individual, sampling and mass moth examination artificial hatching-hot and cold acid treatment-postponement of hatching by chilling-Hibernation and Incubation of eggs

Sericulture: Unit 18

• Objectives of seed organization-types of cocoon production areas-industrial cocoon production areas-seed cocoon production areas-P4 stations (evolution of new silkworm breeds)-P3 stations (basic seed farms)
• P2 stations (seed multiplication farms) and P1 centers (parent seed cocoon production centers)

Sericulture: Unit 19

• Introduction of parasitism, commensalism, symbiosis and parasite relationship-mulberry silkworm diseases-introduction, types, pebrine, grasserie, muscardine, Flacherie, symptoms and pathogens
• Mode of infection, prevention and control-non-mulberry silkworm diseases-pebrine, bacterial and viral diseases

Sericulture: Unit 20

• Introduction, types of pests-Indian and Japan Uzi fly life cycle-nature of damage, preventive and control measure and other pests demisted beetles-brief account of Predators of Silkworms, cockroaches, ants, beetles,
• Lizards, and rodents-nature of damage and control measures

Sericulture: Unit 21

• Mitosis, meiosis, chromosome number in mulberry and non-mulberry silkworms-gametogenesis, oogenesis and spermatogenesis

Sericulture: Unit 22

• Embryonic development-cleavage-blastoderm-germ band formation-blast kinesis-appendage formation-organogenesis-sex determination in silkworms

Sericulture: Unit 23

• Linkage and crossing over, linkage maps, factors influencing crossing over, linkage groups-parthenogenesis with reference to silkworm-types and methods, induction of parthenogenesis
• Merits and limitations-multiple alleles
• Genetic control of voltinism and moultinism, relation between genes and hormones
• Genetics of cocoon colours: Mutations-mutation-radiation and chemical mutagenesis-radiation sensitivity-types of chemical mutagens, importance of mutagens in induction of mutations

Sericulture: Unit 24

• Aim of breeding, inbreeding, inbreeding depression, out breeding, consequence of homozygocity-selection-hybridization-heterosis-theories-manifestation of hybrid vigor
• Evolution of new breeds, sex limited races-genetic engineering-rdna technology-transgenic silkworms-restriction enzymes-vectors plasmids

Zoology: Unit 01

• Brief history, significance of diversity of invertebrates
• Phylum protozoa: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples-type study-elphidium
• Physlum porifera: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples; type study-sycon, canal system in sponges
• Phylum coelenterate: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples; type study-aurelia, polymorphism in coelenterates-corals and coral reef formation
• Phylum platy helminthes: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples; type study-fasciola hepatica
• Phylum nemathelminthes: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples
• Phylum annelid: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples; type study-leech., metamerismin annelid
• Vermiculture: Scope, significance of vermiculture earthworms sps, processing of vermiculture, vermicompost, economic importance of vermicost
• Phylum arthropoda: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples; type study-macrobrachiumrosenbergii (scampi)
• Phylum mollusca: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples; pearl formation in pelecypoda
• Torsion in gastropoda
• Physlumexhinodermata: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples; water vascular system of star fish
• Invertebrates
• Laral forms: Amphilastula, ephyra, trochophora, nauplius, zoea, mysis, megalopa, glochidium, bipineria
• Hemichordata: General characters and outline classification up to classes with examples; balanoglossus-structure, affinities & tornaria larvae

Zoology: Unit 02

• General characters of chordates and its origin
• Protochordata: Sailent features
• Structure and life history of Herd mania
• Significance of retrogressive metamorphosis
• Structure and affinities of amphioxus
• Cyclostomata: General characters of cyclostomes. Difference between petromyzon and myxine
• Fishes: General characters of fishes. Classification of fishes up to sub-class level with examples. Scoliodon-external features, digestive system, respiratory system, heart, aortic arches, brain. Migration in fishes. Types of scales
• Fishes: General account of dipnoi
• Amphibia: General characters of amphibia. Classification of amphibiaupto orders with suitable examples. Ranahexadactyla-external features, digestive system, respiratory system, heart, arterial system and brain. Parental care in amphibia
• Reptelia: Skull in reptiles
• Aves: General characters of aves. Classification of aves up to sub-classes with examples. Columba livia-external features, digestive system, resipratory systems, heart, arterial system (double circulation) brain. Migration of birds
• Aves: Flight adaptations in birds. Brief account of archaeopteryx
• Mammalia and zoogeography: General characters of mammalia. Classification of mammalia up to sub classes with examples. Dentition in mammals
• Zoogeography: Characteristics and fauna of oriental region, australian region, ethiopian region

Zoology: Unit 03

• Cytology: Definition, history, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, virus, viroid’s. Mycoplasma. Electron microscopic structure of eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane-different models of plasma membrane
• Cell organelles: Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulum. Structure and functions of golgi apparatus. Structure and functions of lysosomes. Structure and functions of ribosomes. Structure and functions of mitochondria. Nucleus
• Cell organelles: Chromatin-structure and significance, chromosomes-structure, types, functions
• Genetics: Human karyotyping
• Evolution: Origin of life. Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Variations, isolating mechanisms, natural selection. Types of natural selection (directional, stabilizing, disruptive)
• Evolution: Artificial selections and forces of evolution. Speciation (allopatric and sympatric). Macro evolutionary principles (examples-Darwin’s finches)

Zoology: Unit 04

• Embryology: Gametaogenesis & fertilization. Types of eggs-a lecithil, microliecithil, mesoliecithil, megalecithil & centrolecithil. Development of frog up to gastrulation. Formation of primary germ layers and their fate. Foetal membrane of chick
• Embryology: Placentaion in mammals
• Physiology: Digestion-definition, digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Absorption of digested food materials. Respiration-pulmonary ventilation & transport of respiratory gases
• Physiology: Muscle contraction-ultra structure of skeletal muscle fiber & sliding filament theory. Human endocrine glands & their hormones-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads
• Ecology: Meaning & scope of ecology. Pond exosystem-biotic & abiotic factors (temperature, light, water), food chain & energy flow. Bio-geo chemical cycles of nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous. Animal habital & niche and ecological succession
• Ecology: Community interactions-mutualism, commensalism, competition and predation
• Animal behaviour: Animal behaviour-defination & types. Innate behaviour-taxes & reflexes-reflex arc mechanism. Learned behaviour-associate learning (eg. classical conditioning & instrumental learning). Learning & memory
• Animal behaviour: Biological clocks & circadian rhythms

Zoology: Unit 05

• Restriction modification systems: Types I, II and III. Mode of action, nomenclature, applications of type II restriction enzymes in genetic engineering
• DNA modifying enzymes and their applications: DNA polymerases. Terminaldeoxynucleotidyl transferase, kinases and phosphatases, and DNA ligases
• Cloning vectors: Plasmid vectors-pBR and pUC series, bacteriophage lambda and M13 based vectors, cosmids, BACs, YACs
• Techniques of Recombinant DNA technology-gene delivery: Use of linkers and adaptors microinjection, electroporation, biolistic method (gene gun), liposome and viral-mediated delivery. Basics of PCR. Sanger’s method of DNA sequencing
• Techniques of Recombinant DNA technology-gene delivery: Traditional and automated sequencing. Southern, northern and western blotting, preparation and uses
• Animal cell technology: Natural and synthetic. Primary culture, secondary culture, continuous cell lines; protocols for primary cell culture; established cell lines (common examples such as MRC, HeLa, CHO, BHK, Vero); cell fusion
• Animal cell technology: Production of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), applications of mAb. Types of stem cells, applications
• Manipulation of reproduction in animals: Artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, super ovulation, embryo transfer, embryo cloning
• Applied biotechnology: Fermentation-different types of fermentation-short notes on-submerged & solid state; batch, fed batch & continuous; stirred tank, air lift, fixed bed and fluidized; downstream processing-filtration, centrifugation, extraction
• Applied biotechnology: Downstream processing-chromatography, spray drying and lyophilization

Zoology: Unit 06

• General introduction to poultry farming
• Principles of poultry housing
• Poultry houses
• Systems of poultry farming
• Management of chicks, growers and layers
• Management of broilers
• Poultry feed management-principles of feeding
• Nutrient requirements for different stages of layers and broilers
• Methods of feeding
• Poultry diseases-viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic (two each); symptoms, control and management
• Selection, care and handling of hatching eggs
• Egg testing
• Methods of hatching
• Brooding and rearing
• Sexing of chicks
• Breeds of dairy cattle and buffaloes-definition of breed; classification of Indian cattle breeds, exotic breeds and Indian buffalo breeds
• Systems of inbreeding and crossbreeding
• Housing of dairy animals-selection of site for dairy farm; systems of housing-loose, housing system
• Conventional dairy barn
• Cleaning and sanitation of dairy farm
• Weaning of calf
• Castration and dehorning
• Deworming and vaccination programme
• Records to be maintained in a dairy farm
• Care and management of dairy animals-care and management of calf, heifer, milk animal, dry and pregnant animal, bulls and bullocks

Zoology: Unit 07

• Overview of immune system: Introduction to basic concepts in immunology. Innate and adaptive immunity
• Cells and organs of Immune system: Monoclonal antibodies. Structure and functions of major histocompatibility complexes. Exogenes and Endogenes pathways of antigen presentation and processing
• Cells and organs of Immune system: Classification and brief description of various types of hyper sensitivities. General introduction to vaccines. Types of vaccines

Mathematical sciences: Unit 01

• Linear algebra: Vector spaces, general properties of vector spaces, vector subspaces, algebra of subspaces, linear combination of vectors. Linear span, linear sum of two subspaces, linear independence and dependence of vectors, basis of vector space
• Linear algebra: Finite dimensional vector spaces, dimension of a vector space, dimension of a subspace. Linear transformations, linear operators, range and null space of linear transformation, rank and nullity of linear transformations
• Linear algebra: Rank and nullity of linear transformations, linear transformations as vectors, Product of linear transformations, Invertible linear transformation. The adjoint or transpose of a linear transformation
• Linear algebra: Sylvester’s law of nullity, characteristic values and characteristic vectors, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, diagonalizable operators. Inner product spaces, Euclidean and unitary spaces, norm or length of a vector, Schwartz inequality
• Linear algebra: Orthogonality, orthonormal set, complete orthonormal set, gram-schmidt orthogonalisation process
• Multiple integrals and vector Calculus: Multiple integrals-introduction, the concept of a plane, curve, line integral-sufficient condition for the existence of the integral. The area of a subset of R2, calculation of double integrals, jordan curve
• Multiple integrals and vector Calculus: Gradient, divergence, curl operators, formulae involving these operators. Vector integration, theorems of Gauss and Stokes, Green’s theorem in plane and applications of these theorems

Mathematical sciences: Unit 02

• Groups: Binary operations-definitions and properties, groups-definition and elementary properties, finite groups and group composition tables, subgroups and cyclic subgroups. Permutations-functions and permutations, groups of permutations
• Groups: Cycles and cyclic notation, even and odd permutations, the alternating groups. Cyclic groups-elementary properties, the classification of cyclic groups, sub groups of finite cyclic groups. Isomorphism-definition and elementary properties
• Groups: Cayley’s theorem, groups of cosets, applications, normal subgroups-factor groups, criteria for the existence of a coset group, inner automorphisms and normal subgroups, factor groups and simple groups
• Groups: Homomorphism-definition and elementary properties, the fundamental theorem of homomorphisms, applications
• Rings: Definition and basic properties, fields, integral domains, divisors of zero and cancellation laws, integral domains, the characteristic of a ring, some non-commutative rings, examples, matrices over a field, the real quaternions
• Rings: Homomorphism of rings-definition and elementary properties, maximal and prime ideals, prime fields
• Real numbers: The completeness properties of R, applications of the supremum property. Sequences and series-sequences and their limits, limit theorems, monotonic sequences, sub-sequences and the Bolzano-Weir strass theorem
• Real numbers: The Cauchy’s criterion, properly divergent sequences, introduction to series, absolute convergence, test for absolute convergence, test for non-absolute convergence. Continuous functions-continuous functions
• Real numbers: Combinations of continuous functions, continuous functions on intervals, uniform continuity
• Differentiation and integration: The derivative, the mean value theorems, L’hospital rule, Taylor’s theorem. Riemann integration-Riemann integral, Riemann integrable functions, fundamental theorem

Mathematical sciences: Unit 03

• Differential equations of first order and first degree: Linear differential equations; differential equations reducible to linear form; exact differential equations; integrating factors; change of variables; simultaneous differential equations
• Differential equations of first order and first degree: Orthogonal trajectories
• Differential equations of the first order but not of the first degree: Equations solvable for p; equations solvable for y; equations solvable for x; equations that do not contain x (or y); equations of the first degree in x and y-Clairaut’s equation
• Higher order linear differential equations: Solution of homogeneous linear differential equations of order n with constant coefficients. Solution of the non-homogeneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients by means of
• Higher order linear differential equations:Polynomial operators. Method of undetermined coefficients; method of variation of parameters; linear differential equations with non-constant coefficients; the Cauchy-Euler equation
• System of linear differential equations: Solution of a system of linear equations with constant coefficients; an equivalent triangular system. Degenerate case-p1(D) p4(D)-p2(D) p3(D) = 0

Mathematical sciences: Unit 04

• The plane: Orthogonal projection on a plane
• The line: Equations of a line, angle between a line and a plane, the condition that a given line may lie in a given plane, the condition that two given lines are coplanar, number of arbitrary constants in the equations of a straight line
• The line: Sets of conditions which determine a line, the shortest distance between two lines. The length and equations of the line of shortest distance between two straight lines, length of the perpendicular from a given point to a given line
• The line: Intersection of three planes, triangular prism
• The sphere: Definition and equation of the sphere, equation of the sphere through four given points, plane sections of a sphere. Intersection of two spheres; equation of a circle. Sphere through a given circle; intersection of a sphere and a line
• The sphere: Power of a point; tangent plane. Plane of contact. Polar plane, pole of a plane, conjugate points, conjugate planes; angle of intersection of two spheres. Conditions for two spheres to be orthogonal; radical plane
• The sphere: Coaxial system of spheres; simplified from of the equation of two spheres
• Cones, cylinders and conicoids: Definitions of a cone, vertex, guiding curve, generators. Equation of the cone with a given vertex and guiding curve. Enveloping cone of a sphere. Equations of cones with vertex at origin are homogenous
• Cones, cylinders and conicoids: Condition that the general equation of the second degree should represent a cone. Condition that a cone may have three mutually perpendicular generators intersection of a line and a quadric cone
• Cones, cylinders and conicoids: Tangent lines and tangent plane at a point. Condition that a plane may touch a cone. Reciprocal cones. Intersection of two cones with a common vertex. Right circular cone
• Cones, cylinders and conicoids: Equation of the right circular cone with a given vertex, axis and semi-vertical angle. Definition of a cylinder. Equation to the cylinder whose generators intersect a given conic and are parallel to a given line
• Cones, cylinders and conicoids: Enveloping cylinder of a sphere. The right circular cylinder. Equation of the right circular cylinder with a given axis and radius. The general equation of the second degree and the various surfaces represented by it
• Cones, cylinders and conicoids: Shapes of some surfaces. Nature of ellipsoid. Nature of hyperboloid of one sheet

Statistics: Unit 01

• Descriptive statistics: Concept of primary and secondary data. Methods of collection of primary data and secondary data. Classification and tabulation of data. Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode, geometric mean and harmonic mean)
• Descriptive statistics: Topics are constrained to definitions merits and demerits only (but proofs are not necessary). Concepts of absolute & relative measure of dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, and standard deviation)
• Importance of moments, central and non-central moments, and their interrelationships, Sheppard’s corrections for moments for grouped data
• Measures of skewness based on quartiles and moments and kurtosis based on moments with suitable examples
• Basic concepts in probability-deterministic and random experiments, trail, outcome, sample space, event, and operations of events, mutually exclusive and exhaustive events, and equally likely and favorable outcomes with examples
• Mathematical, statistical and axiomatic definitions of probability with merits and demerits
• Properties of probability based on axiomatic definition
• Conditional probability and independence of events
• Addition and multiplication theorems for n events
• Boole’s inequality and Bayes’ theorem
• Problems on probability
• Definition of random variable, discrete and continuous random variables, functions of random variables, probability mass function and probability density function with illustrations
• Distribution function and its properties
• Transformation of one-dimensional random variable (simple 1-1 functions only)
• Notion of bivariate random variable, bivariate distribution and statement of its properties
• Joint, marginal and conditional distributions
• Independence of random variables
• Mathematical expectation: Mathematical expectation of a function of a random variable. Raw and central moments and covariance using mathematical expectation with examples. Addition and multiplication theorems of expectation
• Mathematical expectation: Definition of moment generating function (m.g.f), cumulant generating function (c.g.f), probability generating function (p.g.f) and characteristic function (c.f) and statements of their properties with applications
• Mathematical Expectation: Chebyshev’s , and CauchySchwartz’s inequalities. Statement of weak law of large numbers and central limit theorem for identically and independently distributed (i.i.d) random variables with finite variance
• Discrete distributions: Uniform, bernoulli, binomial, poisson, negative binomial, geometric and hyper-geometric (mean and variance only) distributions. Properties of these distributions such as m.g.f., c.g.f., p.g.f., c.f., & derive
• Discrete distributions: Moments up to second order from them. Reproductive property wherever exists. Binomial approximation to hyper-geometric, poisson approximation to binomial and negative BD
• Continuous distributions: Rectangular and normal distributions. Normal distribution as a limiting case of binomial and poisson distributions. Exponential, Gamma, Beta of two kinds (mean and variance only) and cauchy (definition and c.f. only)
• Continuous distributions: Distributions. Properties of these distributions such as m.g.f., c.g.f., c.f., and moments up to fourth order, their real life applications and reproductive productive property wherever exists

Statistics: Unit 02

• Bivariate data, scattered diagram correlation coefficient and it’s properties
• Computation of correlation coefficient for grouped data
• Correlation ratio, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and it’s properties
• Simple linear regression properties of regression coefficients, correlation verses regression
• Principles of least squares, fitting of quadratic and power curves
• Concepts of partial and multiple correlation coefficients (only for three variables)
• Analysis of categorical data, independence and association and partial association of attributes, various measures of association (Yule’s) & coefficient of colligation for two way data and coefficient of contingency (Pearsonss’s & Tcheprow’s)
• Concept of population, parameter, random sample, statistic, sampling distribution and standard error
• Standard error of sample mean (s) and sample proportions (s)
• Exact sampling distributions: Statements and properties of X^2,t, & F distributions and their inter relationships
• Point estimation of a parameter. Concept of bias and mean square error of an estimate.
• Point estimation of a parameter
• Concept of bias and mean square error of an estimate
• Criteria of good estimator-consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency and sufficiency with examples
• Statement of Neyman’s factorization theorem, derivations of sufficient statistics in case of binomial, poisson, normal and exponential (one parameter only) distributions
• Estimation by the method of moments, maximum likelihood (ML), statements of asymptotic properties of MLE
• Concept of interval estimation
• Confidence Intervals of parameters of normal population
• Concepts of statistical hypothesis, null and alternative, hypothesis, critical region, two types of errors, level of significance and power of a test
• One and two tailed tests, Neyman Pearson’s fundamental lemma for randomised tests
• Examples in case of binomial, poisson, exponential and normal distributions and their powers
• Use of central limit theorem in testing large sample tests and confidence intervals for mean(s), proportion(s), standard deviation(s) and correlation coefficient(s)
• Test of significance based on x2, t, F, x2-test for goodness of fit and test for independence of attributes
• Definition of order statistics
• Non-parametric tests their advantages and disadvantages, comparison with parametric tests
• Measurement scale: Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio
• One sample runs test, sign test and Wilcoxon-signed rank tests (single and paired samples)
• Two independent sample tests: Median test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test, Wald Wolfowitz’s runs test

Statistics: Unit 03

• Design of sample surveys: Sampling and non-sampling errors, sources and treatment of non-sampling errors, advantages and limitations of sampling. Types of sampling-subjective, probability and mixed sampling methods
• Design of sample surveys: Methods of drawing random samples with and without replacement. Estimates of population mean, total and proportion, their variances and estimates of variances in the following methods-(i) SRSWR and SRSWOR
• Design of sample surveys: Their variances and estimates of variances in the following methods-(ii) Stratified random sampling with proportional and Neyman allocation. Comparison of relative efficiencies. Concept of systematic sampling N=nk
• Analysis of variance and design of experiments: ANOVA-one-way, two way classifications with one observation per cell-concept of Gauss-Mark off linear model, statement of Cochran’s theorem, mathematical analysis
• Analysis of variance and design of experiments: Importance and applications of design of experiments. Principles of experimentation, analysis of completely randomized design (CRD), randomized Block Design (RBD) and Latin Square Design (LSD)
• Time series: Time series and it’s components with illustrations, additive, multiplicative and mixed models, determination of trend by least squares, moving average methods determination of seasonal indices by ratio to moving average
• Time series: Ratio to trend and link relative methods
• Index numbers: Concept, construction, uses and limitations of simple and weighted index numbers, lasperyer’s, Paasche’s and fisher’s index numbers. Fisher’s index as ideal index number. Fixed and chain base index numbers
• Index numbers: Cost of living index numbers and wholesale price index numbers. Base shifting, splicing and deflation of index numbers
• Official statistics: Functions and organization of CSO and NSSO. Agricultural statistics, area and yield statistics. National income and it’s computation, utility and difficulties in estimation of national income
• Vital statistics: Introduction, definition and uses of vital statistics. Sources of vital statistics, registration method and census method. Rates and ratios, crude death rate, age specific death rate, standardized death rates, crude birth rate
• Vital statistics: Age specific fertility rate, general fertility rate, total fertility rate. Measurement of population growth, crude rate in natural increase-Pearl’s vital index. Gross reproductive rate and net reproductive rate, life tables
• Vital statistics: Construction and uses of life tables and abridged life tables
• Demand analysis: Introduction, demand and supply, price elastics of supply and demand. Methods of determining demand and supply curves, Leontief’s, Pigous’s methods of determining demand curve from time series data, limitations of these methods

Physical sciences: Unit 01

• Electrostatics: Gauss law and its applications-uniformly charged sphere, charged cylindrical conductor and an infinite conducting sheet of charge. Deduction of Coulmb’s law from Gauss law mechanical force on a charged conductor electric potential
• Electrostatics: Potential due to a charged spherical conductor, electric field strength from the electric dipole and an infinite line of charge. Potential of a uniformly charged circular disc
• Dielectrics: Boundary conditions at the dielectric surface. Electric fields in cavities of a dielectric-needle shaped cavity and disc shaped cavity
• Capacitance: Capacitance of concentric spheres and cylindrical condenser, capacitance of parallel platecondenser with and without dielectric. Electric energy stored in a charged condenser-force between plates of condenser
• Capacitance: Construction and working of attracted disc electrometer, measurement of dielectric constant and potential difference
• Magneto statics: Magnetic shell-potential due to magnetic shell-field due to magnetic shell-equivalent of electric circuit and magnetic shell-magnetic induction (B) and field (H)-permeability and susceptibility-hysteresis loop
• Moving charge in electric and magnetic field: Hall effect, cyclotron, synchrocyclotron and synchrotron-force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, force and torque on a current loop
• Moving charge in electric and magnetic field: Biot -Savart’s law and calculation of B due to long straight wire, a circular current loop and solenoid
• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law-Lenz’s law-expression for induced e.m.f-time varying magnetic fields-Betatron-Ballistic galvanometer-theory-damping correction-self and mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling
• Electromagnetic induction: Calculation of self inductance of a long solenoid-toroid-energy stored in magnetic field-transformer-construction, working, energy losses and efficiency
• Varying and alternating currents: Growth and decay of currents in LR, CR and LCR circuits-criticaldamping. Alternating current relation between current and voltage in pure R,C and L-vector diagrams-power in ac circuits
• Varying and alternating currents: LCR series and parallel resonant circuit-Qfactor. AC & DC motors-single phase, three phase (basics only)
• Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves: A review of basic laws of electricity and magnetism-displacement current-Maxwell’s equations in differential form-Maxwell’s wave equation, plane electromagnetic waves
• Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves: Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Poynting theorem, production of electromagnetic waves (Hertz experiment)
• Basic electronics: Formation of electron energy bands in solids, classification of solids in terms offorbidden energy gap. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, fermi level, continuity equation-p-n junction diode
• Basic electronics: Zener diode characteristics and its application as voltage regulator. Half wave and full wave, rectifiers and filters, ripple factor (quantitative)-p n p and n p n transistors, current components in transistors, CB
• Basic electronics: CE and CC configurations-transistor hybrid parameters-determination of hybrid parameters from transistor characteristics-transistor as an amplifier-concept of negative feedback and positive feedback-Barkhausen criterion
• Basic electronics: RC coupled amplifier and phase shift oscillator (qualitative)
• Digital principles: Binary number system, converting binary to decimal and vice versa. Binary addition and subtraction (1’s and 2’s complement methods). Hexadecimal number system. Conversion from binary to hexadecimal
• Digital principles: Vice versa and decimal to hexadecimal vice versa. Logic gates-OR, AND, NOT gates, truth tables, realization of these gates using discrete components. NAND, NOR as universal gates, exclusive-OR gate
• Digital principles: De Morgan’s laws-statement and proof, half and full adders. Parallel adder circuits

Physical sciences: Unit 02

• Atomic spectra: Introduction-drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic model-Sommerfeld’s elliptical orbits-relativistic correction (no derivation). Stern & Gerlach experiment vector atom model and quantum umbers associated with it. L-S and j-j coupling schemes
• Atomic spectra: Spectral terms, selection rules, intensity rules. Spectra of alkali atoms, doublet fine structure. Alkaline earth spectra, singlet and triplet fine structure. Zeeman effect, paschen-back effect and stark effect
• Molecular spectroscopy: Types of molecular spectra, pure rotational energies and spectrum of diatomic molecule, determination of internuclear distance. Vibrational energies and spectrum of diatomic molecule. Raman effect
• Molecular spectroscopy: Classical theory of Raman effect. Experimental arrangement for Raman effect and its applications
• Quantum mechanics inadequacy of classical physics: (Discussion only) spectral radiation-Planck’s law. Photoelectric effect-Einstien’s photoelectric equation. Compton’s effect (quantitative) experimental verification
• Quantum mechanics inadequacy of classical physics: Stability of an atom-Bohr’s atomic theory. Limitations of old quantum theory
• Matter waves: de Broglie’s hypothesis-wavelength of matter waves, properties of matter waves. Phase and group velocities. Davisson and Germer experiment. Double slit experiment. Standing de Brogile waves of electron in Bohr orbits
• Uncertainty principle: Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and momentum (x and px), energy and time (E and t). Gamma ray microscope. Diffraction by a single slit. Position of electron in a Bohr orbit. Particle in a box
• Uncertainty principle: Complementary principle of Bohr
• Schrodinger wave equation: Schrodinger time independent and time dependent wave equations. Wave function properties-significance. Basic postulates of quantum mechanics. Operators, eigen functions and eigen values, expectation values
• Schrodinger wave equation: Application of Schrodinger wave equation to particle in one and three dimensional boxes, potential step and potential barrier
• Nuclear physics nuclear structure: Basic properties of nucleus-size, charge, mass, spin, magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment. Binding energy of nucleus, deuteron binding energy, p-p and n-p scattering (concepts), nuclear forces
• Nuclear physics nuclear structure: Nuclear models-liquid drop model, shell model
• Alpha and beta decays: Range of alpha particles, Geiger-Nuttal law, Gammow’s theory of alpha decay. Geiger-Nuttal law from Gammow’s theory. Beta spectrum-neutrino hypothesis, Fermi’s theory of p-decay (qualitative)

Physical sciences: Unit 03

• Crystal structure: Crystalline nature of matter. Cystal lattice, unit cell, elements of symmetry. Crystal systems, Bravais lattices. Miller indices. Simple crystal structures (S.C., BCC, CsCI, FCC, NaCI diamond and Zinc Blends)2
• X-ray diffraction: Diffraction of X-rays by crystals, Bragg’s law, experimental techniques Laue’s method and powder method
• Nano materials: Introduction, nan particles, metal nano clusters, semiconductor nanoparticles, carbon clusters, carbon nanotubes, quantum nanostructures-nanodot, nanowire and quantum well. Fabrication of quantum nanostructures
• Bonding in crystals: Types of bonding in crystals-characteristics of crystals with different bindings. Lattice energy of ionic crystals-determination of Madelung constant for NaCI crystal, calculation of Born coefficient and repulsive exponent
• Bonding in crystals: Born-Haber cycle
• Magnetism: Magnetic properties of dia, para and ferromagnetic materials. Langevin’s theory of paramagnetism. Weiss’ theory of ferromagnetism-concepts of magnetic domains, anti ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism ferrites and their applications
• Superconductivity: Basic experimental facts-zero resistance, effect of magnetic field, Meissner effect, persistent current, isotope effect Thermodynamic properties, specific heat, entropy. Type I and Type II superconductors
• Superconductivity: Elements of BCS theory-cooper pairs. Applications. High temperature superconductors (general information)

Physical sciences: Unit 04

• Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction-deduction of Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds, experimental verification toothed wheel experiment, transport phenomena-viscosity of gases-thermal conductivity-diffusion of gases
• Thermodynamics: Introduction-reversible and irreversible processes-Carnot’s engine and it sufficiency-Carnot’s theorem-second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin’s and Claussius statements-thermodynamic scale of temperature-entropy
• Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: Thermodynamic potentials-derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations-Clausius-Clayperon’s equation-derivation for ratio of specific heats
• Thermodynamics: Derivation for difference of two specific heats for perfect gas. Joule Kelvin effect-expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Vander Waal’s gas
• Low temperature physics: Introduction-Joule Kelvin effect-liquefaction of gas using porous plug experiment. Joule expansion-distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion-expression for Joule Thomson cooling-Liquefaction of helium
• Low temperature physics: Kapitza’s method-adiabatic demagnetization-production of low temperatures-principle of refrigeration, vapour compression type. Working of refrigerator and air conditioning machines
• Low temperature physics: Effects of chloro and fluro carbons on ozone layer; applications of substances at low temperature
• Quantum theory of radiation: Black body-Ferry’s blackbody-distribution of energy in the spectrum of black body-Wein’s displacement law, Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law-quantum theory of radiation-Planck’s law-deduction of Wein’s law
• Quantum theory of radiation: Rayleigh-Jeans law, from Planck’s law-measurement of radiation-types of pyrometers-disappearing filament optical pyrometer - experimental determination-angstrom pyro heliometer-determination of solar constant
• Quantum theory of radiation: Effective temperature of sun
• Statistical mechanics: Introduction to statistical mechanics, concept of ensembles, phase space, Maxwell-Boltzmann’s distribution law, molecular energies in an ideal gas, BoseEinstein distribution law, Fermi-Dirac distribution law
• Statistical mechanics: Comparison of three distribution laws, black body radiation, Rayleigh-Jean’s formula, Planck’s radiation law, Weins displacement, Stefan’s Boltzmann’s law from Plancks formula
• Statistical mechanics: Application of Fermi-Dirac statistics to white dwarfs and neutron stars
• Aberrations: Introduction-monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration-the achromatic doublet
• Aberrations: Removal of chromatic aberration of a separated doublet
• Interference: Principle of superposition-coherence-temporal coherence and spatial coherence-conditions for Interference of light. Interference by division of wave front-Fresnel’s biprism-determination of wave length of light
• Interference: Determination of thickness of a transparent material using Biprism-change of phase on reflection-Lloyd’s mirror experiment
• Interference by division of amplitude: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected and transmitted light (Cosine law)-colours of thin films-nonreflecting films-interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a point source
• Interference by division of amplitude: Interference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (wedge shaped film)-determination of diameter of Wire-Newton’s rings in reflected light with and without contact between lens and glass plate
• Interference by division of amplitude: Newton’s rings in transmitted light (Haidinger Fringes)-determination of wave length of monochromatic light-Michelson interferometer-types of fringes-determination of wavelength of monochromatic light
• Interference by division of amplitude: Difference in wavelength of sodium 0^2 lines and thickness of a thin transparent plate
• Diffraction: Introduction-distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction Fraunhoffer diffraction: Diffraction due to single slit and circular aperture-limit of resolution-Fraunhoffer diffraction due to double slit
• Diffraction: Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern with N slits (diffraction grating) resolving power of grating-determination of wave length of light in normal and oblique incidence methods using diffraction grating
• Diffraction: Fresnel diffraction: Fresnel’s half period zones-area of the half period zones-zone plate-comparison of zone plate with convex lens-phase reversal zone plate-diffraction at a straight edge-difference between interference and diffraction
• Polarization: Polarized light, methods of polarization, polarization by reflection, refraction, double refraction, selective absorption, scattering of light-Brewster’s law-Malus law-Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer
• Polarization: Refraction of plane wave incident on negative and positive crystals (Huygen’s explanation)-quarter wave plate, half wave plate-Babinet’s compensator-optical activity, analysis of light by Laurent’s half shade polari meter
• Laser, fiber optics and holography: Lasers-introduction-spontaneous emission-stimulated emission-population inversion. Laser principle-Einstein coefficients-types of lasers-He-Ne laser-ruby laser-applications of lasers
• Laser, fiber optics and holography: Fiber optics-introduction-Optical fibers-types of optical fibers-step and graded index fibers-rays and modes in an optical fiber- fiber material-principles of fiber communication (qualitative treatment only)
• Laser, fiber optics and holography: And advantages of fiber communication. Holography-basic principle of holography-Gabor hologram and its limitations, holography applications

Physical sciences: Unit 05

• Vector analysis: Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its physical significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field and related problems. Vector integration, line, surface and volume integrals. Stokes
• Vector analysis: Gauss and greens theorems-simple applications
• Mechanics of particles: Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, motion of a rocket, multistage rocket, conservation of energy and momentum. Collisions in two and three dimensions, concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section
• Mechanics of particles: Rutherford scattering
• Mechanics of rigid bodies: Definition of rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation of motion for a rotating body, angular momentum and inertial tensor. Euler’s equation, precession of a top, gyroscope, precession of the equinoxes
• Mechanics of continuous media: Elastic constants of isotropic solids and their relation, Poisson’s ratio and expression for poisson’s ratio in terms of y, n, k. Classification of beams, types of bending, point load, distributed load
• Mechanics of continuous media: Shearing force and bending moment, sign conventions, simple supported beam carrying a concentrated load at mid span, cantilever with an end load
• Central forces: Central forces-definition and examples, conservative nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of potential energy, equation of motion under a central force, gravitational potential and gravitational field
• Central forces: Motion under inverse square law, derivation of Kepler’s laws, Coriolis force and its expressions
• Special theory of relativity: Galilean relativity, absolute frames, Michelson-Morley experiment, postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation
• Special theory of relativity: Concept of four vector formalism
• Fundamentals of vibrations: Simple harmonic oscillator, and solution of the differential equation-physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum, -measurements of rigidity modulus, compound pendulum, measurement of ‘g’
• Fundamentals of vibrations: Combination of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies, Lissajous figures
• Damped and forced oscillations: Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential equation of damped oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with undamped harmonic oscillator, logarithmic decrement, relaxation time, quality factor
• Damped and forced oscillations: Differential equation of forced oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance, velocity resonance
• Complex vibrations: Fourier theorem and evaluation of the Fourier coefficients, analysis of periodic wave functions-square wave, triangular wave, saw-tooth wave
• Vibrations of bars: Longitudinal vibrations in bars-wave equation and its general solution. Special cases-(i) bar fixed at both ends, (ii) bar fixed at the midpoint, (iii) bar free at both ends, (iv) bar fixed at one end
• Vibrations of bars: Transverse vibrations in a bar- wave equation and its general solution. Boundary conditions, clamped free bar, free-free bar, bar supported at both ends, tuning fork. Velocity of ultrasonics in liquids by Sear’s method
• Vibrations of bars: Applications of ultrasonic waves
• Vibrating strings: Transverse wave propagation along a stretched string, general solution of waveequation and its significance, modes of vibration of stretched string clamped at both ends, overtones, energy transport, transverse impedance
• Ultrasonics: Ultrasonics, properties of ultrasonic waves, production of ultrasonics by piezoelectric and magnetostriction methods, detection of ultrasonics, determination of wavelength of ultrasonic waves

Electronics: Unit 01

• The sinusoidal voltage and current-Average and R.M.S values-phasor representation-j operator, polar and rectangular forms of complex numbers, A.C applied to RC, RL and RLC circuits-phasor diagrams-concept of impedance-power factor in a.c circuits
• Numerical problems

Electronics: Unit 02

• Concept of ideal as well as practical voltage and current sources, regulation Kirchhoff’s current law-Kirchhoff’s voltage law-method of solving A.C and D.C circuits by Kirchhoff’s laws loop analysis-Nodal analysis-numerical problems

Electronics: Unit 03

• Maximum power transfer theorem-super position theorem-the venin’s theorem-Norton’s theorem-thevenising a circuit-Thevenin Norton conversion-Milliman theorem Reciprocity theorem-problem solving applications for all the theorems

Electronics: Unit 04

• Transient response of RL and RC circuits with step input, time constants, frequency response of RC and RL circuits, their action as low pass and high pass filters passive differentiating and integrating circuits, numerical problems
• Resonance in electric circuis: Resonance in series and parallel R-L-C circuits, resonant frequency, Q-factor, bandwidth, selectivity. Comparision of series and parallel resonance. Tank circuit-LC oscillations, numerical problems

Electronics: Unit 05

• PN junction diode-P-N junction theory-depletion region, barrier potential, working in forward& reverse bias condition, junction capacitance, Diode current equation (no derivation), effect of temperature on reverse saturation current
• V-I characteristics , Zener and Avalanche break down, Zener Diode-V-I characteristics, regulated power supply using Zener diode, Varactor Diode, Tunnel Diode-principle, working & applications

Electronics: Unit 06

• PNP and NPN transistors, current components in BJT, BJT static characteristics (input and output), early effect, CB, CE, CC configurations (cut-off, active and saturation regions), h-parameters, h-parameter equivalent circuit
• Determination of h-parameters from the characteristics, concept of amplification-voltage and current amplifier
• Biasing and load line analysis, fixed bias, voltage divider bias arrangements, the CE amplifier-analysis and parameters, transistor as a switch

Electronics: Unit 07

• FET-construction-working-drain & transfer characteristics-parameters of FET-FET as an amplifier-MOSFET-enhancement, MOSFET-depletion, MOSFET-construction & working-drain characteristics of MOSFET-comparison of FET & BJT and JFET & MOSFET
• UJT construction-working, V-I characteristics

Electronics: Unit 08

• Structure and operation, characteristics, spectral response and applications of LDR, photo voltaic cell, photo diode, photo transistor, LED and LCD

Electronics: Unit 09

• Rectifiers-half wave, full wave and bridge rectifiers-efficiency-ripple factor-regulation types of filter-choke input (inductor) filter-shunt capacitor filter-L-section and π section filters-voltage regulators-transistor series and shunt regulators
• Rectifiers-block diagram of regulated power supply, three terminal fixed voltage I.C regulators (78XX and 79XX)-Principle and working of switch mode power supplies ( SMPS)

Electronics: Unit 10

• Number system and codes: Decimal, binary, hexadecimal, octal, BCD, conversions, complements (1’s, 2’s,9’s and 10’s), addition, subtraction, gray, excess-3 code conversion from one to another, ASCII code
• Boolean algebra and theorems: Boolean theorems, De-Morgan’s laws. Digital logic gates, multi level NAND & NOR gates. Standard representation of logic functions (SOP and POS), minimization techniques (Karnaugh map method: 4,5 variables)
• Boolean algebra and theorems: Don’t care condition
• Combinational digital circuits: Adders-half & full adder, subtractor-half and full subtractors, parallel binary adder, magnitude comparator, multiplexers (2:1,4:1,8:1) and demultiplexers (1:2,1:4) encoders (octal to binary, decimal to BCD)
• Combinational digital circuits: Decoder (binary to octal, BCD to decimal), IC-LOGIC FAMILIES-TTL logic, DTL logic, RTL Logic, CMOS Logic families (NAND & NOR Gates), Bi-CMOS inverter
• Sequential digital circuits: Flip flops-S-R FF, J-K FF, T and D type FFs, master-slave FFs, excitation tables for JK and T FFs, shift registers (SISO,SIPO,PISO,PIPO), -shift left register, shift right register, counters-asynchronous-Mod16, Mod-10
• Sequential digital circuits: Down counter, synchronous-4-bit counter & ring counter
• Memory devices: General memory operations, ROM, RAM (static and dynamic), PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, EAROM, PLA (Programmable logic Array), PAL (Programmable Array Logic). Architecture, combinational logic design using PLAs & PALs)

Electronics: Unit 11

• Operational amplifiers: Definition, basic op-amp, ideal op-amp, block diagram of op-amp, inverting, noninverting, virtual ground, Adders, subtractors, summing amplifier, voltage follower, op-amp parameters, voltage to current convertor
• Operational amplifiers: Integrator, differentiator, differential amplifier, logarithmic amplifier
• OP-AMP circuits: Voltage regulator, comparator, zero cross detecting circuit, instrumentational amplifier, multividrators-a stable, monostable, Bi-stable, Schmitt trigger, sine wave generator, square wave generator, triangular wave generator
• OP-AMP circuits: Active filters (basics)-low pass, high pass, band pass filters

Electronics: Unit 12

• Combinational & sequential logic circuits (IC-applications): Design of code convertor-BCD to seven segment, BCD to grey, grey to binary. Design of counters using excitation tables-Mod-N counters (asynchronous & synchronous)
• Combinational & sequential logic circuits (IC-applications): Pre-settable binary up/ down counter, design of universal shift register

Electronics: Unit 13

• D/ A converter: Basic principles of DAC, R-2R ladder network, binary weighted, specifications of DAC
• A/ D converter: Basic principles of ADC, succeive approximation ADC, single slope and dual slope converter, sigma-delta ADC, specifications of ADC
• Digital system interfacing and applications: Interfacing of LEDs
• Applications of counters: Digital clock, frequency counter
• Applications of shift registers: Parallel to serial, serial to parallel, UART

Chemical sciences: Unit 01

• s-block elements: General characteristics of groups I & II elements, diagonal relationship between Li & Mg, Be & Al
• p-block elements: General characteristics of elements of groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, group-13-synthesis and structure of diborane and higher boranes (B4H10 and B5H9), boron-nitrogen compounds (B3N3H6 and BN)
• p-block elements: Group-14-preparation and applications of silanes and silicones, graphitic compounds. Group-15-preparation and reactions of hydrazine, hydroxylamine, phosphazenes
• p-block elements: Group-16-classifications of oxides based on-(i) chemical behavior and (ii) oxygen content. Group-17-inter halogen compounds and pseudo halogens
• Organometallic chemistry: Definition and classification of organometallic compounds, nomenclature, preparation, properties and applications of alkyls of 1, 2 and 13 group elements
• Chemistry of d-block elements: Characteristics of d-block elements with special reference to electronic configuration, variable valence, magnetic properties, catalytic properties and ability to form complexes
• Chemistry of d-block elements: Stability of various oxidation states and e.m.f. Comparative treatment of second and third transition series with their 3d analogues. Study of Ti
• Chemistry of d-block elements: Cr and Cu traids in respect of electronic configuration and reactivity of different oxidation states
• Chemistry of f-lock elements: Chemistry of lanthanides-electronic structure, oxidation states, lanthanide contraction, consequences of lanthanide contraction, magnetic properties
• Chemistry of f-lock elements: Spectral properties and separation of lanthanides by ion exchange and solvent extraction methods. Chemistry of actinides-electronic configuration, oxidation states, actinide contraction
• Chemistry of f-lock elements: Position of actinides in the periodic table, comparison with lanthanides in terms of magnetic properties, spectral properties and complex formation
• Theories of bonding in metals: Valence bond theory, explanation of metallic properties and its limitations, free electron theory, thermal and electrical conductivity of metals, limitations, band theory, formation of bands, explanation of conductors
• Theories of bonding in metals: Semiconductors and insulators
• Metal carbonyls and related compounds-EAN rule, classification of metal carbonyls, structures and shapes of metal carbonyls of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. Metal nitrosyls and metallocenes (only ferrocene)
• Coordination chemistry: Isomerism in coordination compounds-structural isomerism and stereo isomerism, stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers
• Spectral and magnetic properties of metal complexes: Electronic absorption spectrum of [Ti(H2O)6]3+ion. Types of magnetic behavior, spin-only formula, calculation of magnetic moments, experimental determination of magnetic susceptibility-Gouy method
• Reactivity of metal complexes: Labile and inert complexes, ligand substitution reactions-SN1 and SN2, substitution reactions of square planar complexes-trans effect and applications of trans effect
• Stability of metal complexes: Thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes, chelate effect, determination of composition of complex by job’s method and mole ratio method
• Hard and soft acids bases (HSAB): Classification, Pearson’s concept of hardness and softness, application of HSAB principles-stability of compounds/ complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction
• Bioinorganic chemistry: Essential elements, biological significance of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and chloride (Cl-). Metalloporphyrins-hemoglobin, structure and function, chlorophyll, structure and role in photosynthesis

Chemical sciences: Unit 02

• Structural theory in organic chemistry: Types of bond fission and organic reagents (electrophilic, nucleophilic, and free radical reagents including neutral molecules like H2O, NH3& AlCl3)
• Structural theory in organic chemistry: Bond polarization-factors influencing the polarization of covalent bonds, electro negativity-inductive effect. Application of inductive effect-(a) basicity of amines, (b) acidity of carboxylic acids
• Structural theory in organic chemistry: Application of inductive effect-(c) stability of carbonium ions. Resonance or mesomeric effect, application to-(a) acidity of phenol, and (b) acidity of carboxylic acids
• Structural theory in organic chemistry: Substitution-electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Elimination-examples (mechanism not required)
• Acyclic hydrocarbons: Alkanes-IUPAC nomenclature of hydrocarbons. Methods of preparation-hydrogenation of alkynes and alkenes, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe’s electrolysis, Corey-house reaction. Chemical reactivity-inert nature
• Acyclic hydrocarbons: Free radical substitution mechanism. Halogenation example reactivity, selectivity and orientation
• Alkenes-preparation of alkenes-(a) by dehydration of alcohols, (b) by dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, (c) by dehalogenation of 1,2 dihalides (briefmechanism), Saytzev’s rule. Properties-addition of hydrogen
• Alkenes-heat of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Addition of halogen and its mechanism
• Addition of HX, Markonikov’s rule, addition of H2O, HOX, H2SO4 with mechanism and addition of HBr in the presence of peroxide (anti-Markonikov’s addition). Oxidation-hydroxylation by KMnO4, OsO4, peracids (via epoxidation) hydroboration
• Dienes-types of dienes, reactions of conjugated dines-1,2 and 1,4 addition of HBr to 1,3 -butadiene and Diel’s-Alder reaction
• Alkynes-preparation by dehydrohalogenation of dihalides, dehalogenation of tetrahalides, properties; acidity of acetylenic hydrogen (formation of metal acedtylides). Preperation of higher acetylenes, metal ammonia reductions physical properties
• Alkynes-chemical reactivity-electrophilic addition of X2, HX, H2O (tautomerism), oxidation with KMnO4, OsO4, reduction and polymerisation reaction of acetylene
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons (cycloalkanes): Nomenclature, preparation by Freunds methods, heatingdicarboxylic metal salts. Properties-reactivity of cyclopropane and cyclobutane by comparing with alkanes, stability of cycloalkanes-Baeyer’s strain theory
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons (cycloalkanes): Sachse and Mohr predictions and Pitzer’s strain theory. Conformational structures of cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane
• Benzene and its reactivity: Concept of resonance, resonance energy. Heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion of benezene, mention of C-C bond lengths and orbital picture of benzene. Concept of aromaticity-aromaticity (definition)
• Benzene and its reactivity: Huckel’s rule-application to benzenoid (benzene, napthalene) and non-benzenoid compounds (cyclopropenyl cation, cyclopentadienyl anion and tropylium cation) reactions-general mechanism of electrophilic substitution
• Benzene and its reactivity: Mechanism of nitration. Friedel craft’s alkylation and acylation. Orientation of aromatic substitution-definition of ortho, para and meta directing groups. Ring activating and deactivating groups with examples
• Benzene and its reactivity: (Electronic interpretation of various groups like NO2 and Phenolic). Orientation of-(i) amino, methoxy and methyl groups, (ii) carboxy, nitro, nitrile, carbonyl and sulfonic acid groups
• Benzene and its reactivity: (iii) Halogens (explanation by taking minimum of one example from each type)
• Polynuclear hydrocarbons-structure of naphthalene and anthracene (molecular orbital diagram andresonance energy) any two methods of preparation of naphthalene and reactivity. Reactivity towards electrophilic substitution
• Polynuclear hydrocarbons-nitration and sulfonation as examples
• Halogen compounds: Nomenclature and classification of alkyl (into primary, secondary, tertiary), aryl,aralkyl, allyl, vinyl, benzyl halides. Chemical reactivity, formation of RMgX nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction
• Halogen compounds: Classification into SN1 and SN2. Energy profile diagram of SN1and SN2 reactions. Stereochemistry of SN2 (Walden inversion) SN1 (racemisation). Explanation of both by taking the example of optically active alkyl halide
• Halogen compounds: 2bromobutane. Ease of hydrolysis-comparison of alkyl, benzyl, alkyl, vinyl and aryl halides
• Hydroxy compounds: Nomenclature and classification of hydroxy compounds. Alcohols-preparation with hydroboration reaction, Grignard synthesis of alcohols. Phenols-preparation-(i) from diazonium salt, (ii) from aryl sulphonates, (iii) from cumene
• Hydroxy compounds: Physical properties-hydrogen bonding (intermolecular and intramolecular). Effect of hydrogen bonding on boiling point and solubility in water. Chemical properties-(a) acidic nature of phenols
• Hydroxy compounds: Chemical properties-(b) formation of alkoxides/ phenoxides and their reaction with RX. (c) replacement of OH by X using PCl5, PCl3, PBr3, SOCl2 and wit HX/ ZnCl2. (d) esterification by acids (mechanism). (e) dehydration of alcohols
• Hydroxy compounds: Chemical properties-(f) oxidation of alcohols by CrO3, KMnO4. (g) special reaction of phenols-Bromination, Kolb-Schmidt reaction, Riemer-Tiemann reaction, fries rearrangement, azocoupling
• Carbonyl compounds: Nomenclature of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds, structure of the carbonyl group. Synthesis of aldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones using 1,3-dithianes
• Carbonyl compounds: Synthesis of ketones from nitriles and from carboxylic acids. Physical properties-absence of hydrogen bonding, keto-enol tautomerism, reactivity of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones
• Carbonyl compounds: Nucleophilic addition reaction with-(a) NaHSO3, (b) HCN, (c) RMgX, (d) NH2OH, (e)PhNHNH2, , (f) 2,4 DNPH, (g) alcohols-formation of hemiacetal and acetal. Halogenation using PCl5 with mechanism
• Carbonyl compounds: Base catalysed reactions-(a) Aldol, (b) Cannizzaro reaction, (c) Perkin reaction, (d) Benzoin condensation, (e) Haloform reaction, (f) Knoevenagel reaction. Oxidation of aldehydes-Baeyer-villiger oxidation of ketones
• Carbonyl compounds: Reduction-Clemmensen reduction, Wolf-Kishner reduction, MPV reduction, reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4. Analysis of aldehydes and ketones with-(a) 2,4-DNT test, (b) Tollen’s test, (c) Fehling text, (d) Schiff test
• Carbonyl compounds: Analysis of aldehydes and ketones with-(e) haloform test (with equation)
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Nomenclature, classification and structure of carboxylic acids. Methods of preparation by-(a) hydrolysis of nitriles, amides and esters. (b) carbonation of Grignard reagents
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Special methods of preparation of aromatic acids by-(a) oxidation of side chain. (b) hydrolysis by benzotrichlorides. (c) Kolbe reaction. Physical properties-hydrogen bonding, dimeric association
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Physical properties-acidity-strength of acids with examples of trimethyl acetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. Relative differences in the acidities of aromatic and aliphatic acids
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Chemical properties-reactions involving H, OH and COOH groups-salt formation, anhydride formation, acid chloride formation, amide formation and esterification (mechanism)
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Degradation of carboxylic acids by Huns- Diecker reaction, decarboxylation by Schimdt reaction, Arndt-Eistert synthesis, halogenation by Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Reaction of acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, acid amides, esters (mechanism of the hydrolysis of esters by acids and bases)
• Active methylene compounds: Acetoacetic esters: preparation by Claisen condensation, keto-enoltautomerism. Acid hydrolysis and ketonic hydrolysis. Preparation of-(a) monocarboxylic acids. (b) dicarboxylic acids
• Active methylene compounds: Reaction with urea Malonic ester-preparation from acetic acid. Synthetic applications-preparation of-(i) monocarboxylic acids (propionic acid and n-butyric acid). (ii) dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid and adipic acid)
• Active methylene compounds: Synthetic applications-preparation of-(iii) ,ß-unsaturated carboxylic acids (crotonoic acid), reaction with urea
• Nitrogen compounds-Nitro hydrocarbons-nomenclature and classification-nitro hydrocarbons-structure. Tautomerism of nitroalkanes leading to aci and keto form. Preparation of nitro alkanes. Reactivity-halogenation, reaction with HONO (nitrous acid)
• Nitrogen compounds-Nef reaction and Mannich reaction leading to Michael addition and reduction. Amines (aliphatic and aromatic)-nomenclature, classification into 1°, 2°, 3° amines and quarternary ammonium compounds
• Nitrogen compounds-preparative methods-(1) ammonolysis of alkyl halides, (2) Gabriel synthesis, (3)Hoffman’s bromamide reaction (mechanism). (4) Reduction of amides and Schmidt reaction
• Nitrogen compounds-physical properties and basic character-comparative basic strength of ammonia, methyl amine, dimethyl amine, trimethyl amine and aniline-comparative basic strength of aniline, Nmethylaniline and N
• Nitrogen compounds-N-dimethyl aniline (in aqueous and non-aqueous medium), steric effects and substituent effects. Use of amine salts as phase transfer catalysts. Chemical properties-(a) Alkylation, (b) acylation, (c) Carbylamine reaction
• Nitrogen compounds-chemical properties-(d) Hinsberg separation, (e) reaction with nitrous acid of 1°, 2°, 3° (Aliphatic and aromatic amines). Electrophilic substitutions of aromatic amines-bromination and nitration. oxidation of aryl and 3° amines
• Nitrogen compounds-diazotization Cyanides and isocyanides-nomenclature (aliphatic and aromatic) structure. Preparation of cyanides from-(a) Alkyl halides, (b) from amides, (c) from aldoximes. Preparation of isocyanides from alkyl halides and amines
• Nitrogen compounds-properties of cyanides and isocyanides-(a) hydrolysis, (b) addition of Grignard reagent, (iii) reduction, (iv) oxidation
• Heterocyclic compounds: Introduction and definition-simple 5 membered ring compounds with one hetero atom Ex.Furan. Thiophene and pyrrole. Importance of ring system-presence in important natural products like hemoglobin and chlorophyll
• Heterocyclic compounds: Numbering the ring systems as per Greek letter and numbers. Aromatic character-6-electron system (four-electrons from two double bonds and a pair of non-bonded electrons from the hetero atom)
• Heterocyclic compounds: Tendency to undergo substitution reactions. Resonance structures-indicating electron surplus carbons and electron deficient hetero atom. Explanation of feebly acidic character of pyrrole
• Heterocyclic compounds: Electrophilic substitution at 2 or 5 position, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation under mild conditions. Reactivity of furan as 1,3-diene, Diels Alder reactions (one example)
• Heterocyclic compounds: Sulphonation of thiophene purification of Benzene obtained from coal tar). Preparation of furan, Pyrrole and thiophene from 1,4,- dicarbonyl compounds only, Paul-Knorr synthesis, structure of pyridine
• Heterocyclic compounds: Basicity-aromaticity-comparison with pyrrole-one method of preparation and properties-reactivity towards nucleophilic substitution reaction-chichibabin reaction
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-all discussion to be confined to (+) glucose as an example of aldohexoses and (-) fructose as example of ketohexoses. Chemical properties and structureal elucidation
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-evidences for straight chain pentahydroxy aldehyde structure (acetylation, reduction to n-hexane, cyanohydrin formation, reduction of Tollen’s and Fehling’s reagents and oxidation to gluconic and saccharic acid)
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-Number of optically active isomers possible for the structure, configuration of glucose based on D-glyceraldehyde as primary standard (no proof for configuration is required). Evidence for cyclic structure of glucose
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-(some negative aldehydes tests and mutarotation). Cyclic structure of glucose. Decomposition of cyclic structure (pyranose structure, anomeric carbon and anomers). Proof for the ring size
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-(methylation, hydrolysis and oxidation reactions). Different ways of writing pyranose structure (Haworth formula and chair conformationa formula). Structure of fructose-evidence of 2-ketohexose structure
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-(formation of penta acetate, formation of cyanohydrin its hydrolysis and reduction by HI to give 2-Carboxy-n-hexane). Same osazone formation from glucose and fructose, hydrogen bonding in osazones
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-cyclic structure for fructose (Furanose structure and Haworth formula). Interco version of monosaccharides-aldopentose to aldo hexose-e.g. arabinose to D-glucose, DMannose (Kiliani-Fischer method)
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-(epimers, epimerisation-Lobry de bruyn van Ekenstein rearrangement. Aldohexose to aldopentose e.g.: D-glucose to D-arabinose by Ruff’s degradation. Aldohexose (+) (glucose) to ketohexose (-)
• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides-(fructose) and Ketohexose (fructose) to aldohexose (glucose)
• Amino acids and proteins: Introduction-definition of amino acids, classification of amino acids into alpha, beta, and gama amino acids. Natural and essential amino acids-definition and examples, classification of alpha amino acids into acidic
• Amino acids and proteins: Introduction-basic and neutral amino acids with examples. Methods of synthesis-general methods of synthesis of alpha amino acids (specific examples-glycine, alanine
• Amino acids and proteins: Valine and leucene) by following methods: (a) from halogenated carboxylic acid, (b) Malonic ester synthesis, (c) Strecker’s synthesis. Physical properties-optical activity of naturally occurring amino acids-L-configuration
• Amino acids and proteins: Physical properties-irrespective of sign rotation, Zwitterion structure-salt like character-solubility, melting points, amphoteric character, definition of isoelectric point
• Amino acids and proteins: Chemical properties-general reactions due to amino and carboxyl groups-lactams from gamma and delta amino acids by heating peptide bond (amide linkage). Structure and nomenclature of peptides and proteins
• Mass spectrometry: Basic principles-molecular ion/ parent ion, fragment ions/ daughter ions. Theory-formation of parent ions. Representation of mass spectrum. Identification of parent ion, (M+1), (M+2), base peaks (relative abundance 100%)
• Mass spectrometry: Determination of molecular formula-mass spectra of ethylbenzene, acetophenone, n-butyl amine and 1-proponal

Chemical sciences: Unit 03

• Gaseous state: Compression factors, deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Van der Waal’s equation of state. P-V Isotherms of real gases, Andrew’s isotherms of carbon dioxide, continuity of state. Critical phenomena
• Gaseous state: The van der Waal’s equation and the critical state. Relationship between critical constants and van der Waal’s constants. The law of corresponding states and reduced equation of states. Joule Thomson effect
• Gaseous state: Liquefaction of gases-(i) Linde’s method and (ii) Claude’s method
• Liquid state: Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (qualitative description). Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystals, the mesomorphic state. Classification of liquid crystals into smectic and nematic
• Liquid state: Differences between liquid crystal and solid/ liquid. Application of liquid crystals as LCD devices
• Solid state: Symmetry in crystals. Law of constancy of interfacial angles. The law of rationality of indices. The law of symmetry. Definition of lattice point, space lattice, unit cell. Bravis lattices and crystal systems
• Solid state: X-ray diffraction and crystal structure. Bragg’s law. Determination of crystal structure by Bragg’s method and the powder method. Indexing of planes and structure of NaCl and KCl crystals. Defects in crystals
• Solid state: Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects. Band theory of semoconductors. Extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductors, n- and p-type semiconductors and their applications in photo electrochemical cells
• Solutions: Applications of distribution law
• Colloids and surface chemistry: Definition of colloids. Solids in liquids(sols), preparation, purification, properties-kinetic, optical, electrical. Stability of colloids, HardySchulze law, protective colloid
• Phase rule: Concept of phase, components, degree of freedom. Derivation of Gibbs phase rule. Phase equilibrium of one component-water system. Phase equilibrium of two component system, solid liquid equilibrium
• Phase rule: Simple eutectic diagram of Pb-Ag system, desilverisation of lead. Solid solutions compound with congruent melting point-(Mg-Zn) system, compound with incongruent melting point-NaCl-water system. Freezing mixtures
• Dilute solutions: Colligative properties. Raoult’s law, relative lowering of vapour pressure, its relation to molecular weight of non-volatile solute. Elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point
• Dilute solutions: Determination of molecular weight of non-volatile solute from osmotic pressure. Abnormal colligative properties. Van’t Hoff factor, degree of dissociation and association
• Electrochemistry: Ostwald’s dilution law. Debye-Huckel-Onsagar’s equation for strong electrolytes (elementary treatment only). Definition of transport number, determination by Hittorf’s method. Application of conductivity measurements
• Electrochemistry: Determination of dissociation constant (Ka) of an acid, determination of solubility product of sparingly soluble salt, conduct metric titrations. Types of reversible electrodes- the gas electrode, metal-metal ion
• Electrochemistry: Metalinsoluble salt and redox electrodes. Electrode reactions, Nernst equation, single electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode, reference electrodes, standard electrode potential, sign convention
• Electrochemistry: Electrochemical series and its significance. Reversible and irreversible cells, conventional representation of electrochemical cells. EMF of a cell and its measurements. Computation of cell EMF
• Electrochemistry: Applications of EMF measurements, Calculation of thermodynamic quantities of cell reactions (DG, DH and K). Determination of pH using quinhydrone electrode, Solubility product of AgCl. Potentiometric titrations
• Chemical kinetics: Rate of reaction, factors influencing the rate of a reaction-concentration, temperature, pressure, solvent, light, catalyst. Experimental methods to determine the rate of reaction. Definition of order and molecularity
• Chemical kinetics: Derivation of rate constants for first, second, third and zero order reactions and examples. Derivation for time half change. Methods to determine the order of reactions. Kinetics of complex reactions (first order only)
• Chemical kinetics: Opposing reactions, parallel reactions, consecutive reactions and chain reactions. Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy. Theories of reaction rates-collision theory
• Chemical kinetics: Theory-derivation of rate constant for bimolecular reaction. The transition state theory (elementary treatment)
• Photochemistry: Difference between thermal and photochemical processes. Laws of photochemistry-Grothus-Draper’s law and Stark-Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence. Quantum yield. Ferrioxalate actinometry
• Photochemistry: Photochemical hydrogen-chlorine, hydrogen-bromine reaction. Jablonski diagram depicting various processes occurring in the excited state, qualitative description of fluorescence, phosphorescence
• Photochemistry: Non-radiative processes (internal conversion, intersystem crossing). Photosensitized reactions-energy transfer processes (simple example)
• Thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics-statement, definition of internal energy and enthalpy. Heat capacities and their relationship. Joule’s law-Joule-Thomson coefficient
• Thermodynamics: Calculation of w, q, dU and dH for the expansion of perfect gas under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible processes. State function. Temperature dependence of enthalpy of formation-Kirchoff’s equation
• Thermodynamics: Second law of thermodynamics. Different Statements of the law. Carnot cycle and its efficiency. Carnot theorem. Thermodynamic scale of temperature. Concept of entropy, entropy as a state function, entropy changes in cyclic
• Thermodynamics: Reversible, and irreversible processes and reversible phase change. Calculation of entropy changes with changes in V & T and P&T. Entropy of mixing inert perfect gases. Entropy changes in spontaneous and equilibrium processes
• Thermodynamics: The Gibbs (G) and Helmholtz (A) energies. A & G as criteria for thermo dynamic equilibrium and spontaneity-advantage over entropy change. Gibbs equations and the Maxwell relations. Variation of G with P, V and T

Chemical sciences: Unit 04

• Atomic structure and elementary quantum mechanics: Blackbody radiation, Planck’s radiation law, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, de Broglie’s hypothesis, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Postulates of quantum mechanics
• Atomic Structure and elementary quantum mechanics: Schrodinger wave equation and a particle in a box, energy levels, wave functions and probability densities. Schrodinger wave equation for H-atom. Separation of variables, radial and angular functions
• Atomic Structure and elementary quantum mechanics: Hydrogen like wave functions, quantum numbers and their importance
• Chemical bonding: Valence bond theory, hybridization, VB theory as applied to ClF3, BrF5, Ni (CO) 4, XeF2. Dipole moment-orientation of dipoles in an electric field, dipole moment, induced dipole moment, dipole moment and structure of molecules
• Chemical bonding: Molecular orbital theory-LCAO method, construction of M.O. diagrams for homo-nuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules (N2, O2, HCl, CO and NO). Comparision of VB and MO theories
• Stereochemistry of carbon compounds: Molecular representations-Wedge, Fischer, Newman and saw-horse formulae. Stereoisomerism, stereoisomers: Enantiomers, diastereomers-definition and examples
• Stereochemistry of carbon compounds: Conformational and configurational isomerism definition. Conformational isomerism of ethane and n-butane. Enantiomers: Optical activity wave nature of light, plane polarised light
• Stereochemistry of carbon compounds: Interaction with molecules, optical rotation and specific rotation. Chiral molecules-definition and criteria-absence of plane, center, and Sn axis of symmetry-asymmetric and disymmetric molecules
• Stereochemistry of carbon compounds: Examples of asymmetric molecules (glyceraldehyde, lactic acid, alanine) and disymmetric molecules (trans-1,2-dichloro cyclopropane). Chiral centers: Definition-molecules with similar chiral carbon (tartaric acid)
• Stereochemistry of carbon compounds: Definition of mesomers-molecules with dissimilar chiral carbons (2,3-dibromopentane). Number of enantiomers and mesomers-calculation. D,L and R,S configuration for asymmetric and disymmetric molecules
• Stereochemistry of carbon compounds: Cahn-ingold-prelog rules. Racemic mixture-racemization and resolution techniques. Diastereomers: Definition geometrical isomerism with reference to alkenes-cis, trans and E,Z-configuration
• General principles of inorganic qualitative analysis: Solubility product, common ion effect, characteristic reactions of anions, elimination of interfering anions, separation of cations into groups, group reagents, testing of cations
• Molecular symmetry: Concept of symmetry in chemistry-symmetry operations, symmetry elements. Rotational axis of symmetry and types of rotational axes. Planes of symmetry and types of planes. Improper rotational axis of symmetry
• Molecular symmetry: Inversion centre. Identity element. The symmetry operations of a molecule form a group. Flow chart for the identification of molecular point group
• Theory of quantitative analysis-(a) Principles of volumetric analysis. Theories of acid-base, redox, complex metric, iodometric and precipitation titrations, choice of indicators for these titrations
• Theory of quantitative analysis-(b) Principles of gravimetric analysis: Precipitation, coagulation, peptization, coprecipitation, post precipitation, digestion, filtration and washing of precipitate, drying and ignition
• Theory of quantitative analysis-(b) Principles of gravimetric analysis: Precipitation from homogenous solutions, requirements of gravimetric analysis
• Evaluation of analytical data: Theory of errors, idea of significant figures and its importance, accuracy-methods of expressing accuracy, error analysis and minimization of errors, precision-methods of expressing precision
• Evaluation of analytical data: Standard deviation and confidence limit
• Introductory treatment to: (a) Pericyclic Reactions concerted reactions, molecular orbitals, symmetry properties HOMO, LUMO, thermal and photochemical pericyclic reactions. Types of pericyclic reactions-electro cyclic
• Introductory treatment to: (b) Synthetic strategies terminology-target molecule. Retrosynthesis of the following molecules-(1) acetophenone, (2) cyclohexene, (3) phenylethylbromide
• Introductory treatment to: (c) Asymmetric (Chiral) synthesis definitions-asymmetric synthesis, enantiomeric excess, diastereomeric excess. stereospecific reaction, definition, example, dehalogenation of 1,2-dibromides. stereoselective reaction
• Introductory treatment to: (c) Asymmetric (Chiral) synthesis definitions-definition, example, acid catalysed dehydration of 1-phenylproponol

Polymer science (Chemistry): Unit 01

• Structural theory in organic chemistry: Types of bond fission and organic reagents (electrophilic, nucleophilic, and free radical reagents including neutral molecules like H2O,NH3& AlCl3)
• Structural theory in organic chemistry: Resonance or mesomeric effect, application to-(a) acidity of phenol, and (b) acidity of carboxylic acids. Hyper conjugation and its application to stability of carbonium ions, free radicals and alkenes
• Structural theory in organic chemistry: Carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes. Types of organic reactions: Addition-electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Substitution-electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Elimination-examples
• Acyclic hydrocarbons: Alkenes-preparation of alkenes. Properties-addition of hydrogen-heat of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Addition of halogen and its mechanism. Addition of HX, Markonikov's rule
• Acyclic hydrocarbons: Addition of H2O, HOX, H2SO4 with mechanism and addition of HBr in the presence of peroxide (anti-Markonikov's addition). Dienes-types of dienes, reactions of conjugated dienes-1,2 and 1,4 addition of HBr to 1
• Acyclic hydrocarbons: 3-butadiene and Diel's-Alder reaction. Alkynes-preparation by dehydrohalogenation of dihalides, dehalogenation of tetrahalides, properties; acidity of acetylenic hydrogen (formation of metal acetylides)
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons (Cycloalkanes): Nomenclature, preparation by Freunds method, Wislicenus method. Properties-reactivity of cyclopropane and cyclobutane by comparing with alkanes, stability of cycloalkanes-Baeyer's strain theory
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons (Cycloalkanes): Sachse and Mohr predictions and Pitzer's strain theory. Conformational structures of cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane
• Benzene and its reactivity: Concept of resonance, resonance energy. Heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion of benzene, mention of C-C bond lengths and orbital picture of benzene. Concept of aromaticity-aromaticity (definition)
• Benzene and its reactivity: Huckel's rule-application to benzenoid (benzene, naphthalene) and non-benzenoid compounds (cyclopropenylcation, cyclopentadienyl anion and tropyliumcation)
• Benzene and its reactivity: Reactions-general mechanism of electrophilic substitution, mechanism of nitration, Friedel Craft's alkylation and acylation. Orientation of aromatic substitution-definition of ortho, para and meta directing groups
• Benzene and its reactivity: Reactions-ring activating and deactivating groups with examples (electronic interpretation of various groups like NO2 and phenolic). Orientation of-(i) amino, methoxy and methyl groups
• Benzene and its reactivity: Reactions-Orientation of-(ii) carboxy, nitro, nitrile, carbonyl and sulphonic acid groups, (iii) halogens (explanation by taking minimum of one example from each type)
• Halogen compounds: Nomenclature and classification of alkyl (into primary, secondary, tertiary), aryl, aryl alkyl, allyl, vinyl, benzyl halides. Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction-classification intoSN1 andSN2
• Halogen compounds: Reaction mechanism with examples-ethyl chloride, t-butyl chloride and optically active alkyl halide 2-bromobutane
• Hydroxy compounds: Nomenclature and classification of hydroxy compounds. Alcohols-preparation with hydroboration reaction, Grignard synthesis of alcohols. Phenols: Preparation-(i) from diazonium salt, (ii) from aryl sulphonates, (iii) from cumene
• Hydroxy compounds: Physical properties-hydrogen bonding (intermolecular and intramolecular). Effect of hydrogen bonding on boiling point and solubility in water.Identification of alcohols by oxidation with KMnO4, Ceric ammonium nitrate
• Hydroxy compounds: Luca’s reagent and phenols by reaction with FeCl3. Chemical properties-(a) Dehydration of alcohols. (b) Oxidation of alcohols by CrO3, KMnO4. (c) Special reaction of phenols-bromination, Kolbe-Schmidt reaction
• Hydroxy compounds: Chemical properties-(c) Special reaction of phenols-Riemer-Tiemann reaction, Fries rearrangement, azocoupling, Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement
• Carbonyl compounds: Nomenclature of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds, structure of the carbonyl group. Synthesis of aldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones using 1,3-dithianes
• Carbonyl compounds: Synthesis of ketones from nitriles and from carboxylic acids. Physical properties: Reactivity of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones. Nucleophilic addition reaction with-(a) NaHSO3, (b) HCN, (c) RMgX, (d) NH2OH, (e) PhNHNH2
• Carbonyl compounds: Nucleophilic addition reaction with-(f) 2,4 DNPH, (g) alcohols-formation of hemiacetal and acetal. Base catalysed reactions-(a) aldol, (b) Cannizzaro’s reaction, (c) Perkin reaction, (d) benzoin condensation, (e) haloform reaction
• Carbonyl compounds: Base catalysed reactions-(f) Knoevenagel reaction. Oxidation of aldehydes-Baeyer-villiger oxidation of ketones. Reduction-Clemmensen reduction, Wolf-Kishner reduction, MPV reduction, reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4
• Carbonyl compounds: Analysis of aldehydes and ketones with-(a) 2,4-DNPH test, (b) Tollen's test, (c) Fehling test, (d) Schiff’s test, (e) haloform test (with equation)
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Nomenclature, classification and structure of carboxylic acids. Methods of preparation by-(a) hydrolysis of nitriles, amides, (b) hydrolysis of esters by acids and bases with mechanism
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Methods of preparation by-(c) carbonation of Grignard reagents. Special methods of preparation of aromatic acids by-(a) oxidation of side chain. (b) hydrolysis by benzotrichlorides. (c) kolbe reaction
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Chemical properties-reactions involving H, OH and COOH groups-salt formation, anhydride formation, acid chloride formation, amide formation and esterification (mechanism)
• Carboxylic acids and derivatives: Degradation of carboxylic acids by Huns-Diecker reaction, decarboxylation by Schimdt reaction, Arndt-Eistert synthesis, halogenation by Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
• Active methylene compounds-(i) Acetoacetic ester: keto-enol tautomerism, preparation by Claisen condensation, acid hydrolysis and ketonic hydrolysis. Preparation of-(a) monocarboxylic acids. (b) Dicarboxylic acids. (c) Reaction with urea
• Active methylene compounds-(ii) Malonic ester: preparation from acetic acid. Synthetic applications-preparation of-(a) monocarboxylic acids (propionic acid and n-butyric acid). (b) Dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid and adipic acid)
• Active methylene compounds-(ii) Malonic ester: preparation from acetic acid. Synthetic applications-preparation of-(c) α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids (crotonic acid). (d) Reaction with urea
• Nitro hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and classification-nitro hydrocarbons, structure-tautomerism of nitroalkanes leading to aci and keto form, preparation of nitroalkanes, reactivity-halogenation, reaction with HONO (Nitrous acid)
• Nitro hydrocarbons: Nef reaction and Mannich reaction leading to Micheal addition and reduction
• Nitrogen compounds: Amines (aliphatic and aromatic)-nomenclature, classification into 1°, 2°, 3° amines and quarternary ammonium compounds. Preparative methods-(1) ammonolysis of alkyl halides, (2) Gabriel synthesis
• Nitrogen compounds: Preparative methods-(3) Hoffman's bromamide reaction (mechanism)
• Nitrogen compounds: Reduction of amides and Schmidt reaction. Physical properties and basic character-comparative basic strength of ammonia, methyl amine, dimethyl amine, trimethyl amine and aniline-comparative basic strength of aniline
• Nitrogen compounds: N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethyl aniline (in aqueous and non-aqueous medium), steric effects and substituent effects. Chemical properties: (a) Alkylation, (b) acylation, (c) carbylamine reaction
• Nitrogen compounds: Chemical properties-(d) Hinsberg separation, (e) reaction with nitrous acid of 1°, 2°, 3° (aliphatic and aromatic amines). Electrophillic substitution of aromatic amines-bromination and nitration
• Nitrogen compounds: Oxidation of aryl and tertiary amines, diazotization
• Heterocyclic compounds: Introduction and definition: Simple five membered ring compounds with one hetero atom Ex. Furan. Thiophene and pyrrole-aromatic character-preparation from 1,4,-dicarbonyl compounds, Paul-Knorr synthesis
• Heterocyclic compounds: Properties-acidic character of pyrrole-electrophillic substitution at 2 or 5 position, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation under mild conditions-Diels Alder reaction in furan
• Heterocyclic compounds: Pyridine-structure-basicity-aromaticity-comparison with pyrrole-one method of preparation and properties-reactivity towards nucleophilic substitution reaction
• Carbohydrates monosaccharides: (+) Glucose (aldo hexose)-evidence for cyclic structure of glucose (some negative aldehydes tests and mutarotation)-proof for the ring size (methylation, hydrolysis and oxidation reactions)
• Carbohydrates monosaccharides: Cyclic structure for fructose (furanose structure and Haworth formula)-osazone formation from glucose and fructose-definition of anomers with examples
• Carbohydrates monosaccharides: Interconversion of monosaccharides-aldopentose to aldohexose (arabinose to D-glucose, DMannose) (Kiliani-Fischer method). Epimers, epimerisation-Lobry de bruyn van Ekenstein rearrangement
• Carbohydrates monosaccharides: Aldohexose to aldopentose (D-glucose to D-arabinose) by ruff degradation. Aldohexose to ketohexose [(+) glucose to (-) fructose] and ketohexose to aldohexose (fructose to glucose)
• Amino acids and proteins: Introduction-definition of Amino acids, classification of amino acids into alpha, beta, and amma amino acids. Natural and essential amino acids-definition and examples, classification of alpha amino acids into acidic
• Amino acids and proteins: Basic and neutral amino acids with examples. Methods of synthesis-general methods of synthesis of alpha amino acids (specific examples-glycine, alanine
• Amino acids and proteins: Valine and leucine) by following methods-(a) from halogenated carboxylic acid, (b) Malonic ester synthesis, (c) strecker's synthesis. Physical properties-Zwitter ion structure-salt like character-solubility
• Amino acids and proteins: Physical properties-solubility, melting points, amphoteric character, definition of isoelectric point. Chemical properties-general reactions due to amino and carboxyl groups
• Amino acids and proteins: Chemical properties-lactams from gamma and delta amino acids by heating peptide bond (amide linkage). Structure and nomenclature of peptides and proteins

Polymer science (Chemistry): Unit 02

• p-block elements-I & II: Group-13-synthesis and structure of diborane and higher boranes (B4H10 and B5H9), boronnitrogen compounds (B3N3H6 and BN). Group-14-preparation and applications of silanes and silicones
• p-block elements-I & II: Group-15-preparation and reactions of hydrazine, hydroxylamine. Group-16-classifications of oxides based on-(i) chemical behaviour and (ii) oxygen content. Group-17-inter halogen compounds and pseudo halogens
• Organometallic chemistry: Definition-classification of organometallic compounds-nomenclature, preparation, properties and applications of alkyls of Li and Mg
• Chemistry of d-block elements: Characteristics of d-block elements with special reference to electronic configuration, variable valence, magnetic properties, catalytic properties and ability to form complexes. Stability of various oxidation states
• Theories of bonding in metals: Metallic properties and its limitations, valence bond theory, free electron theory, explanation of thermal and electrical conductivity of metals, limitations, band theory, formation of bands, explanation of conductors
• Theories of bonding in metals: Semiconductors and insulators
• Metal carbonyls: EAN rule, classification of metal carbonyls, structures and shapes of metal carbonyls of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni
• Chemistry of f-block elements: Chemistry of lanthanides-electronic structure, oxidation states, lanthanide contraction, consequences of lanthanide contraction, magnetic properties. Chemistry of actinides-electronic configuration, oxidation states
• Chemistry of f-block elements: Actinide contraction, comparison of lanthanides and actinides
• Coordination chemistry: IUPAC nomenclature-bonding theories-review of Werner's theory and Sidgwick's concept of coordination-valence bond theory-geometries of coordination numbers 4-tetrahedral and square planar and 6-octahedral and its limitations
• Coordination chemistry: Crystal filed theory-splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral and square-planar complexes-low spin and high spin complexes-factors affecting crystal-field splitting energy, merits and demerits of crystal-field theory
• Coordination chemistry: Isomerism in coordination compounds-structural isomerism and stereo isomerism, stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers
• Spectral and magnetic properties of metal complexes: Types of magnetic behavior, spin-only formula, calculation of magnetic moments, experimental determination of magnetic susceptibility-gouymethod
• Stability of metal complexes: Thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes, chelate effect, determination of composition of complex by Job's method and mole ratio method
• Reactivity of metal complexes: Labile and inert complexes, ligand substitution reactions-SN1 and SN2,substitution reactions of square planar complexes-trans effect and applications of trans effect
• Bioinorganic chemistry: Essential elements, biological significance of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cl-. Metalloporphyrins-structure and functions of hemoglobin, Myoglobin and Chlorophyll

Polymer science (Chemistry): Unit 03

• Solidstate: Symmetry in crystals. Law of constancy of interfacial angles. The law of rationality of indices. The law of symmetry. Definition of lattice point, space lattice, unit cell. Bravis lattices and crystal systems
• Solidstate: X-ray diffraction and crystal structure. Bragg's law. Defects in crystals. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects
• Gaseous state: Compression factors, deviation of real gases from ideal behavior. Vander Waal's equation of state. P-V isotherms of real gases, Andrew's isotherms of carbon dioxide, continuity of state. Critical phenomena
• Gaseous state: The vander Waal's equation and the critical state. Law of corresponding states.Relationship between critical constants and vander Waal's constants. Joule Thomson effect
• Liquid state: Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystals, the mesomorphic state. Classification of liquid crystals into smectic and nematic. Differences between liquid crystal and solid/ liquid
• Liquid state: Application of liquid crystals as LCD devices
• Solutions: Partially miscible liquidsphenolwater, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems. Effect of impurity on consulate temperature. Immiscible liquids and steam distillation. Nernst distribution law. Calculation of the partition coefficient
• Solutions: Applications of distribution law
• Dilute solutions: Colligative properties. Raoult's law, relative lowering of vapour pressure, its relation to molecular weight of non-volatile solute. Elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point
• Dilute solutions: Derivation of relation between molecular weight and elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point. Experimental methods of determination. Osmosis, osmotic pressure, experimental determination
• Dilute solutions: Theory of dilute solutions. Determination of molecular weight of non-volatile solute from osmotic pressure. Abnormal colligative properties-Van’t Hoff factor
• Electrochemistry-I & II: Specific conductance, equivalent conductance. Variation of equivalent conductance with dilution. Migration of ions, Kohlrausch's law. Arrhenius theory of electrolyte dissociation and its limitations
• Electrochemistry-I & II: Ostwald's dilution law. Debye-Huckel-Onsagar's equation for strong electrolytes (elementary treatment only). Definition of transport number, determination by Hittorfs method
• Electrochemistry-I & II: Application of conductivity measurements-conductometric titrations. Single electrode potential, sign convention, reversible and irreversible cells Nernst equation reference electrode, standard hydrogen electrode
• Electrochemistry-I & II: Calomel electrode, indicator electrode, metal-metal ion electrode, inert electrode, determination of EMF of cell, applications of EMF measurements-potentiometric titrations
• Phase rule: Concept of phase, components, degrees of freedom. Thermodynamic Derivation of Gibbs phase rule. Phase equilibrium of one component system-water system. Phase equilibrium of two component system, solid-liquid equilibrium
• Phase rule: Simple eutectic diagram of Pb-Ag system, simple eutectic diagram, desilverisation of lead., NaCl-water system, freezing mixtures
• Thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics-statement, definition of internal energy and enthalpy. Heat capacities and their relationship. Joule-Thomson effect-coefficient
• Thermodynamics: Calculation of w, for the expansion of perfect gas under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible processes. State function. Temperature dependence of enthalpy of formation-Kirchoff s equation. Second law of thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics: Different Statements of the law. Carnot cycle and its efficiency. Carnot theorem. Concept of entropy, entropy as a state function, entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes
• Thermodynamics: Entropy changes in spontaneous and equilibrium processes
• Chemical kinetics: Rate of reaction-definition of order and molecularity. Derivation of rate constants for first, second, third and zero order reactions and examples. Derivation for time half change. Methods to determine the order of reactions
• Chemical kinetics: Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy
• Photochemistry: Difference between thermal and photochemical processes. Laws of photochemistry-GrothusDraper's law and Stark-Einstein's law of photochemical equivalence. Quantum yield Photochemical reaction mechanism-hydrogen-chlorine
• Photochemistry: Hydrogen-bromine reaction. Qualitative description of fluorescence, phosphorescence, photosensitized reactions-energy transfer processes (simple example)

Polymer science (Chemistry): Unit 04

• Electronic spectroscopy: Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecules and types of molecular spectra. Energy levels of molecular orbitals (σ, π, n). Selection rules for electronic spectra
• Electronic spectroscopy: Types of electronic transitions in molecules effect of conjugation. Concept of chromophore and auxochrome
• Infra red spectroscopy: Different regions in infrared radiations. Modes of vibrations in diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Characteristic absorption bands of various functional groups. Interpretation of spectra-alkanes, aromatic
• Infra red spectroscopy: Alcohols carbonyls, and amines with one example to each
• Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR): Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, equivalent and non-equivalent protons, position of signals. Chemical shift, NMR splitting of signals-spin-spin coupling, coupling constants
• Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR): Applications of NMR with suitable examples-ethyl bromide, ethanol, acetaldehyde, 1,1,2-tribromo ethane, ethyl acetate, toluene and acetophenone

Polymer science (Physics): Unit 01

• Vector analysis: Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its physical significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field with derivations and physical interpretation. Vector integration (line, surface and volume)
• Vector analysis: Statement and proof of Gauss and Stokes theorems
• Mechanics of particles: Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, equation of motion of a rocket. Conservation of energy and momentum, collisions in two and three dimensions, concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section
• Mechanics of particles: Rutherford scattering-derivation
• Mechanics of rigid bodies: Definition of rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation of motion for a rotating body, angular momentum, Euler equations and its applications, precession of a top, gyroscope, precession of the equinoxes
• Mechanics of continuous media: Elastic constants of isotropic solids and their relations, Poisson's ratio and expression for Poisson's ratio in terms of y, n, k. Classification of beams, types of bending, point load, distributed load
• Mechanics of continuous media: Shearing force and bending moment, sign conventions
• Central forces: Central forces, definition and examples, characteristics of central forces, conservative nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of potential energy, equatglobalion of motion under a central force
• Central forces: Derivation of Kepler’s laws. Motion of satellites, idea of Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Special theory of relativity: Galilean relativity, absolute frames. Michelson-Morley experiment, negative result. Postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, addition of velocities
• Special theory of relativity: Mass-energy relation. Concept of four-vector formalism

Polymer science (Physics): Unit 02

• Simple Harmonic oscillations: Simple harmonic oscillator and solution of the differential equation-physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum-measurements of rigidity modulus
• Simple Harmonic oscillations: Compound pendulum measurement of ‘g’, principle of super position, beats, combination of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies. Lissajous figures
• Damped and forced oscillations: Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential equation of damped oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with un-damped harmonic oscillator, logarithmic decrement, relaxation time, quality factor
• Damped and forced oscillations:Differential equation of forced oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance and velocity resonance
• Complex vibrations: Fourier theorem and evaluation of the Fourier coefficients, analysis of periodic wave functions square wave, triangular wave, saw tooth wave, simple problems on evolution of Fourier coefficients
• Vibrations of bars: Longitudinal vibrations in bars-wave equation and its general solution. Special cases-(i) bar fixed at both ends, (ii) bar fixed at the midpoint, (iii) bar fixed at one end. Tuning fork
• Ultrasonics: Ultrasonics, properties of ultrasonic waves, production of ultrasonics by piezoelectric and magnetostriction methods, detection of ultrasonics, determination of wavelength of ultrasonic waves. Applications of ultrasonic waves

Polymer science (Physics): Unit 03

• Aberrations: Introduction-monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration the achromatic doublet
• Aberrations: Achromatism for two lenses-(i) in contact and (ii) separated by a distance
• Interference: Principle of superposition-coherence-temporal coherence and spatial coherence-conditions for interference of light. Fresnel’s biprism-determination of wavelength of light-change of phase on reflection
• Interference: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected and transmitted light (cosine law)-colors of thin filmsInterference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (wedge shaped film)
• Interference: Determination of diameter of wire, Newton’s rings in reflected light. Michelson interferometer, determination of wavelength of monochromatic light using Newton’s rings and Michelson interferometer
• Diffraction: Introduction,distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction, Fraunhoffer diffraction-diffraction due to single slit-Fraunhoffer diffraction due to double slit-Fraunh offer diffraction pattern with N slits (diffraction grating)
• Diffraction: Resolving power of grating, determination of wavelength of light in normal incidence and minimum deviation methods using diffraction grating, Fresnel’s half period zones-area of the half period zones-zone plate
• Diffraction: Comparison of zone plate with convex lens-difference between interference and diffraction
• Polarisation: Polarized light-methods of polarization polarization by reflection, refraction, double refraction, scattering of light-Brewster’s law-Mauls law-Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer-quarter wave plate, Half wave plate-optical activity
• Polarisation: Determination of specific rotation by Laurent’s half shade polarimeter-Babinet’s compensator - idea of elliptical and circular polarization
• Lasers and holography: Lasers-introduction,spontaneous emission, stimulated emission. Population inversion, Laser principle-Einstein coefficients-types of lasers-He-Ne laser, Ruby laser-applications of lasers
• Lasers and holography: Holography-basic principle of holography-Gabor hologram and its limitations, applications of holography
• Fiber optics: Introduction-different types of fibers, rays and modes in an optical fiber, fiber material, principles of fiber communication (qualitative treatment only), advantages of fiber optic communication

Polymer science (Physics): Unit 04

• Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction-deduction of Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds, experimental verification. Transport phenomena-mean free path-viscosity of gases-thermal conductivitydiffusion of gases
• Thermodynamics: Introduction-isothermal and adiabatic process-reversible and irreversible processes-Carnnot’s engine and its efficiency-Carnot’s theorem-second law of thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics: Kelvin’s and Claussius statements-entropy, physical significance-change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes-entropy and disorder-entropy of universe-temperature-Entropy (T-S) diagram and its uses
• Thermodynamics: Change of entropy of a perfect gas change of entropy when ice changes into steam
• Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: Joule Kelvin effect-expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and vander Waal’s gas
• Low temperature physics: Introduction-Joule Kelvin effect-Porous plug experiment-Joule expansion-distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion-expression for Joule Thomson cooling-liquefaction of helium
• Low temperature physics: Kapitsa’s method-adiabatic demagnetization, production of low temperatures-applications of substances at low temperature-effects of chloro and fluoro carbons on ozone layer
• Quantum theory of radiation: Blackbody-Ferry’s black body-distribution of energy in the spectrum of black body-Wein’s displacement law, Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law-quantum theory of radiation-Planck’s law measurement of radiation
• Quantum theory of radiation: Types of pyrometers-disappearing filament optical pyrometerexperimental determination-Angstrompyrheliometer-determination of solar constant, temperature of sun

Polymer science (Physics): Unit 05

• Electric field intensity and potential: Gauss’s law statement and its proof-electric field intensity due to-(1) uniformly charged sphere and (2) an infinite conducting sheet of charge
• Electric field intensity and potential: Electrical potential-equipotential surfacespotential due to-(i) a point charge, (ii) charged spherical shell and uniformly charged sphere
• Dielectrics: Electric dipole moment and molecular polarizability-electric displacement D, electric polarization P-relation between D, E and P-dielectric constant and susceptibility. Boundary conditions at the dielectric surface
• Electric and magnetic fields: Biot-Savart’s law, explanation and calculation of B due to long straight wire, a circular current loop and solenoid-Lorentz force-hall effect-determination of hall coefficient and applications
• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law-Lenz’s law-self and mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling, calculation of self inductance of a long solenoid, energy stored in magnetic field. Transformer-energy losses-efficiency
• Alternating currents and electromagnetic waves: Alternating current-relation between current and voltage in LR and CR circuits, vector diagrams, LCR series and parallel resonant circuit, Q-factor, power in ac circuits
• Maxwell’s equations: Idea of displacement current-Maxwell’s equations (integral and differential forms) (no derivation), Maxwell’s wave equation (with derivation), transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Maxwell’s equations: Poynting theorem (statement and proof), production of electromagnetic waves (Hertz experiment)
• Basic electronics: PN juction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, I-V characteristics, PNP and NPN transistors, CB, CE and CC configurations-relation between , and transistor (CE) characteristics-determination of hybrid parameters
• Basic electronics: Transistor as an amplifier
• Digital electronics: Number systems-conversion of binary to decimal system and vice versa. Binary addition and subtraction (1’s and 2’s complement methods). Laws of Boolean algebra-De Morgan’s laws statement and proof, basic logic gates
• Digital electronics: NAND and NOR as universal gates, exclusive-OR gate, half adder and full adder, parallel adder circuits

Polymer science (Physics): Unit 06

• Atomic and molecular physics: Introduction-drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic model-Sommerfeld’s elliptical orbits-relativistic correction (no derivation). Vector atom model and Stern-Gerlach experiment
• Atomic and molecular physics: Quantum numbers associated with it. L-S and j-j coupling schemes. Zeeman effect and its experimental arrangement. Raman effect, hypothesis, stokes and anti stokes lines. Quantum theory of Raman effect
• Atomic and molecular physics: Experimental arrangement-applications of Raman effect
• Matter waves & uncertainty principle: Matter waves, de Broglie’s hypothesis-wavelength of matter waves, properties of matter waves-Davisson and Germer experiment-phase and group velocities
• Matter waves & uncertainty principle: Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and momentum (x and p), & energy and time (E and t). Experimental verification-complementarity principle of Bohr
• Quantum (wave) mechanics: Basic postulates of quantum mechanics-Schrodinger time independent and time dependent wave equations-derivations. Physical interpretation of wave function. Eigen functions, Eigen values
• Quantum (wave) mechanics: Application of Schrodinger wave equation to particle in one dimensional infinite box
• General Properties of Nuclei: Basic ideas of nucleus-size, mass, charge density (matter energy), binding energy, angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment, electric moments. Liquid drop model and shell model (qualitative aspects only)-magic numbers
• Radioactivity decay: Alpha decay-basics of α-decay processes. Theory of α-decay, Gamow’s theory, Geiger Nuttal law.β-decay, energy kinematics for β-decay, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis
• Crystal structure: Amorphous and crystalline materials, unit cell, Miller indices, reciprocal lattice, types of lattices, diffraction of X-rays by crystals, Bragg’s law, experimental techniques, Laue’s method and powder diffraction method
• Superconductivity: Introduction-experimental facts, critical temperature-critical field-Meissner effect-isotope effect-type I and type II superconductors-BCS theory (elementary ideas only)-applications of superconductors

Polymer science (Polymer science): Unit 01

• World polymers: Introduction-brief history of development of polymerization-concept of macromolecule-what are polymers-polymers in day today world-importace of polymers ad scope of polymer science-examples of various polymers produced India
• World polymers: Introduction to polymerization-introduction-repeat unit-nomeclature-functionality of polymers-degree of polymerizatio-classification of polymers-defiitations-various terms used in polymers
• World polymers:Thermoplastics-thermosets-elastomers, fibers-adjesives-definition ad examples under each category
• Chemical and geomatrical structures of polymers: Introduction-micro structure-organic polymers-inorganic polymers-home polymers and copolymers-stereo regular polymers-examples-difference-inter molecular forces-texture and polymer structure
• Types of polymerization: Definition of step growth and chain growth polymerization-differences-homogeneous polymerization-heterogeneous polymerization-bulk polymerization-solution polymerization-suspension polymerization
• Types of polymerization: Emulsion polymerization-melt polycondensation-comparision of different techniques
• Mechaism of polymerization: Free radical-Cationic-Anionic and co-ordination polymerization-Zeigler-Natta Catalysis-ring opening polymerization-differenced and examples under each category-elementary treatment of the above mechanisms
• Molecular weight of polymers: Introduction-importance of molecular weight-conceptual differences between micro and macromolecules-weight average molecular weight-number average molecular weight-viscosity average molecular weight
• Molecular weight of polymers: Poly dispersity-role of molecular weight in applications-elementary treatment-determination of molecular weight-osmometry-end group analysis-light scattring measurements-Mark-Houwink equation-ubbelhold viscometer etc

Polymer science (Polymer science): Unit 02

• Types of polymerization: (a) Step polymerisation-difference between step polymerisation and chain polymerization-synthesis of polyesters-polyaminers and poly urethanes-kinetics of step polymerization-urea, phenol formaldehyde resins
• Types of polymerization: (b) Chain polymerisation-introduction-Kinetics and mechanism of free radical addition polymerisation-Kinetic chain length-factors affecting chain polymerization
• Physical properties of polymers: Introduction-molecular weight and mechanical properties secondary valency forces. Nature of chain packing-chain flexibility
• Transition in polymers: Glass transition temperature-factors affecting glass transition temperature-effect of crosslinking and crystalinity on glass transition temperature
• Flow properties of polymers: Viscoelasticity-spring model-deformation of polymeric material-rubber elasticity
• Naturally occupation polymers: Poly saccharides-cellulose and starch-proteins-primary, secondary and tertiary structures with examples-nucleic acids-nucleosides and nucleotides olementary treatment
• Polymer degradation: Introduction-thermal degradation-photo degradation-exidative degradation-stablizers antioxidants

Polymer science (Polymer science): Unit 03

• Preparation, properties and uses of-(i) polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, PVC, (ii) polyesters, polyamides (nylon-6 & nylon-6,6), (iii) polyurethanes
• Rubbers, neoprene, isoprene, chloroprene, butadiene rubbers (buna) silicone, rubbers, uses and manufacture
• Resins-phenol formal dehyde, urea formal dehyde and melamine-formal dehydehyde and epoxy-resins
• Acrylic polymers: Preparation properties and uses poly (ethyl acrylate), poly (butylacrylate), poly (methyl methacrylate)
• Cellulose and its derivatives

Polymer science (Polymer science): Unit 04

• Elastometric fibre forming and plastic materials: (a) Introduction, (b) elastomeric materials, (c) fibre forming materials, (d) plastic materials
• Polymer processing: Plastics, fibre and elastomers-compounding-processing techniques-calendering-die casting-rotational casting
• Injection moulding-blow moulding-etrusion: Moulding-elementary treatment-thermofoming and framing.
• Reinforcement: Fibre reinforcement-hand-lay-up technique-filament winding technique
• Fibre spinning: Dry spinning-wet spinning

Geology: Unit 01

• Palaeontology: Definition of palaeontology, conditions of fossilization, modes of preservation and uses of fossils. Phylum echinodermata and phylum brachiopod, phylum, mollusca and phylum arthropoda, phylum hemichordata, phylum celenterata
• Palaeontology: Study of the following fossils with respect to their classification, morphology and geological distribution. Cidaris, micraster, holaster, hemiaster, terebratula, spinifer, rhynchonella, productus, turritella, murex, cypraea
• Palaeontology: Natica, voluta, pecten, gryphaea, arca, cardita, exogyra, nautilus, ammonoids, belemnites, calymene, paradoxide, corals and graptolites. Plant fossils-glossopteris, gangamopteries, ptylophyllum
• Indian geology: Definition of stratigraphy, principles of stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, standard geological timescale. Physiographic divisions of India with their stratigraphic and structural characteristics. Dharwar system, cuddapah system
• Indian geology: Vindhyan system, kurnool system and gondwana system. Triassic of spiti, jurssic of kutch, cretaceous of tiruchirapalli, deccan traps and their age, siwaliks with vertebrate fossils. Geology of Andhra Pradesh
• Indian geology: Stratigraphic contacts-boundaries between archaean and proterozoic; and cretaceous and tertiary
• Economic geology: Definition of economic geology, global tectonics and metallogeny-mineral resources and mineral deposits, importance of economic minerals and rocks, ore minerals, gangue minerals (gangue)
• Economic geology: Ore, industrial minerals, tenor and grade; syngenetic deposits, epigenetic deposits. Classification of mineral deposits-Bateman’s classification modified by Jenson. Processes of formation of mineral deposits
• Economic geology: Endogenetic and exogenetic processes. Study of ore deposits of gold, copper, lead, zinc, aluminium, iron, manganese, chromium, uranium and thorium with respect to their mineralogy, uses, mode of occurrence
• Economic geology: Origin and distribution in India. Distribution of industrial minerals in India for the following industries-abrasives, cement, ceramics, glass, fertilizers and chemicals, and insulators. Fossils fuels-coal
• Economic geology: It’s origin and types of coal-coal deposits of India. Oil and natural gas-origin, migration and entrapment and distribution in India, use of micropaleontology in oil exploration, gemstones and dimensional stones
• Economic geology: Atomic minerals-uraninite, pitchblende, coffenite; Beach sands-monazite, ilmenite, rutile, zircon and their uses. Mineral resources of Andhra Pradesh

Geology: Unit 02

• Nature and scope of petrology-definition of rock, classification of rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Distinguishing features of the three types of rocks. Igneous rocks-classification into plutonic, hypabyssal and volcanic rocks
• Nature and scope of petrology-forms-lava flows, intrusions, sills, laccolith, lopolith, dykes, ring dykes, cone sheets, volcanic necks, phacoliths and batholiths. Structures-vescicular, amygdaloidal, block lava, ropy lava, pillow lava, flow
• Nature and scope of petrology-jointing and sheet structures. Platy, columnar and prismatic structures. Textures-definition of texture, microstructure, devitrification. Allotriomorphic, hypidiomorphic, panidiomorphic, porphyritic
• Nature and scope of petrology-poikilitic, ophitic, intergranular, intersertal, trachytic, graphic and micro-graphic. Reaction structures-corona, myrmekitic, orbicular, spherulitic, perlitic. Classification of igneous rocks
• Nature and scope of petrology-CIPW and Tyrrell tabular classification. Descriptive study of the following rocks types-granite, granodiorite, syenite, nepheline syenite, diorite, pegmatite, aplite, gabbro, anorthosite, peridotite
• Nature and scope of petrology-pyroxenite, dunite, dolerite, rhyolite, obsidian, trachyte, andesite and basalt. Composition and constitution of magma-crystallization of magma, unicomponent and binary systems, eutectic and solid solutions
• Nature and scope of petrology-origin of igneous rocks-Bowen’s reaction principle, differentiation and assimilation
• Sedimentary rocks: Sources of sediments-mechanical and chemical weathering, modes of transportation, stratification. Sedimentary structures-types of bedding, surface marks, deformed bedding and solution structures
• Sedimentary rocks: Classification of sedimentary rocks-clastic-rudaceous, arenaceous, and argillaceous; non-clastic-calcareous, carbonaceous, ferruginous, phosphatic, and evaporates. Descriptive study of the following sedimentary rocks
• Sedimentary rocks: Conglomerate, breccshiva, sandstone, grit, arkose, greywacke, shale, limestone, and shelly limestone
• Metamorphic rocks: Definition of metamorphism, agencies of metamorphism, types of metamorphism, grades and zones of metamorphism. Metamorphic minerals-stress and anti stress minerals-structures of metamorohic rocks
• Metamorphic rocks: Cataclastic, maculose, schistose, granulose and gneissose. Textures of metamorphic rocks-crystalloblastic, xenoblastic and idioblastic. Classification of metamorphic rocks-concept of metamorphic facies
• Metamorphic rocks: Cataclastic metamorphism of argillaceous and arenaceous rocks. Thermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous rocks. Dynamothermal metamorphism of argillaceous, arenaceous and basic igneous rocks
• Metamorphic rocks: Plutonic metamorphism, metasomatism and additive processes. Definition of anatexis and palingenesis. Descriptive study of the following metamorphic rocks-gneiss, schist, slate, phyllite, quartzite, marble
• Metamorphic rocks: Granulite, eclogite, behaviorion, migmatite, charnockite and khondalite
• Structural geology: Definition of structural geology, aim and objectives of structural geology; importance of study of structures, primary and secondary structures; outcrops, attitude of beds; strike, dip and apparent dip, and use of bronton sonmpass
• Structural Geology: Primary structures. Folds-description, nomenclature and recognition in the field. Joints-geometrical and genetic classification. Faults-geometrical and genetic classification and recognition in the field

Geology: Unit 03

• Physical geology: General aspects, definition of geology-basic assumptions of geology-its relationship with other sciences-branches of geology-aim and applications of geology
• Earth as a planet-its shape, size, density-movements and their effects. Origin and age of the earth. Geological processes-exogenic and endogenic. Definition of weathering-types of weathering of rocks-physical and chemical
• Earth as a planet-Definition of erosion and denudation, cycle of erosion, transportation and deposition, agents of erosion
• Rivers: Erosion, transportation and deposition of river (fluvial) cycle in different stages-development of typical landforms by river erosion and deposition. V-shaped valley, waterfall, alluvial fan, meander, ox-bow lake, flood plane, natural plane
• Rivers: Peneplain and delta. Types of rivers. Glaciers-definition of a glacier-types-development of typical landforms by glacial erosion and deposition-cirque, U-shaped valley-changing valley; rocks-monadrocks, morains, drum-line
• Rivers: Kama, eskors and varves, characteristic features of glaciated regions. Groundwater-storage of ground water-porosity, permeability, acquifer, water table-zone of saturation, artesian well, spring, geysers
• Rivers: Development of typical landforms by erosion and deposition by groundwater (Karst topography), sinkhole, cavern, stalactites and stalagmites. Seas-offshore profile-landforms of sea-marine deposits and coral reefs
• Seas: Lacustrine deposits, atmospheric circulation, weather and climatic changes, land-air-sea interaction. Earth’s heat budget and global climatic changes. Wind: Development of characteristic features by winds (arid cycle)
• Wind: Erosion and deposition-pedestal rock-mushroom topography-incelberg-ventifacts-locus and sand dunes. Earth movements-definition of diastrophism, epirogenic and orogenic movements-mountains. Basic concepts of isostasy
• Wind: Continental drift and plate tectonics. Earthquakes-causes, kinds of earthquake waves, mode of propagation, intensity of earthquakes, Richter’s scale, seismograph and seismogram. Effects of earthquakes, earthquake zones, interior of the earth
• Volcanoes: Origin and products
• Crystallography: Definition of crystal-amorphous and crystalline states-morphology of crystals-face, edge, solid angle and interfacial angle. Forms-simple, combination, closed and open forms
• Crystallography: Symmetry-plane, axis, centre, crystallographic axes, parameters, indices, crystallographic notation-parameter system of Weiss, index system of Miller. Classification of crystals into ‘7’ systems
• Crystallography: Morphological study of the following classes of symmetry-(a) cubic system-normal (galena) type, (b) tetragonal system-zircon type, (c) hexagonal system-beryl type, (d) trigonal system-calcite type
• Crystallography: Morphological study of the following classes of symmetry-(e) orthorhombic system-barytes type, (f) monoclinic system-gypsum type, and (g) triclinic system-axinite type
• Crystallography: Twinning in crystals-definition of twin, twin plane, twin axis and composition plane
• Mineralogy: Definition of a mineral-classification of minerals into rock forming and ore forming minerals. Physical properties of minerals-colour, streak, play of colours, opalescence, asterism, transparency, luster, luminescence, fluorescence, form
• Mineralogy: Hardness, tenacity, cleavage, parting, fracture, specific gravity, magnetic properties, electrical properties, pyro-and piezoelectricity. Modes of mineralformation-occurrence and association of minerals
• Mineralogy: Chemical properties of minerals-isomorphism-solid solution-polymorphism-allotropy, pseudomorphism, radioactivity, silicate structure. Descriptive mineralogy-study of physical and
• Mineralogy: Chemical properties and mode of occurrence of the following mineral groups-nesosilicate-oivine, garnet and aluminum silicates; sorosilicate-epidote; cyclosilicate-beryl; inosilicate-pyroxene and amphibole
• Mineralogy: Phyllosilicate-mica, hydrous magnesium silicate; tektosilicate-feldspars, feldspathoids and quartz; miscellaneous-staurolite, tourmaline, zircon, calcite, corundum and apatite
• Mineralogy: Optical mineralogy-optical properties of minerals-isotropic and anisotropic-polarized light, refractive index-double refraction, uniaxial and biaxial minerals-nicol prism and it’s construction, concept of crossed nicols
• Mineralogy: Petrological (polarizing) microscope-its mechanical and optical parts-behavior of isotropic and anisotropic mineral between crossed nicols-extinction, pleochroism, interference colour. Optical properties of important minerals

Psychology: Unit 01

• Introduction: (a) Definition, schools and fields of psychology. (b) Methods of psychology introspection, observation, case study, interview, survey and experimental method
• Biological basis of behavior: (a) Structure of the neuron; the nervous system: and its function; (b) hormones and behavior-main endocrine glands, their effects of the hormones mechanisms of heredity and environment
• Sensation and perception: sensory process-(a) sensory organs; general characteristics of senses, theories of vision and Hearing. (b) Subliminal perception and signal detection theory
• Sensation and perception: Attention and perception-(a) types and determinants of attention, distraction, division, fluctuation and span of attention, (b) perception-organizational factors of perception, perceptual constancies illusions
• Motivation and emotion: (a) Motivation-definition and types of motives-bio and psychosocial motives, theories of motivation Maslow theory of motivation and Freud’s unconscious motivation.(b) Emotions-definition and nature of emotions
• Motivation and emotion: (b) Emotions-types of emotions, theories of emotions-james-lange, cannon-bard
• Learning: (a) Definition of learning-classical conditioning, operant conditioning, learning by insight and observation, latent learning. (b) Role of motivation and maturation in learning, reward and punishment, learning curves
• Learning: (b) Efficient methods of learning, transfer of learning
• Memory and forgetting: (a) Meaning and types of memory, methods of measuring memory, information processing model of memory. (b) Forgetting-meaning, nature and causes; methods to improve memory
• Thinking: (a) Definition, mental image, concepts, (b) reasoning-deductive and inductive reasoning. Problem solving-impediments to problem solving. (c) Creative thinking-meaning and stages of creative thinking, characteristics of creative people
• Intelligence: (b) Intellectually gifted and retarded, (c) role of heredity and environment on intelligence
• Nature and scope of social psychology: (a) Definition, nature and scope of social psychology, (b) social perception, attribution socialization and attitudes
• Meaning, nature and importance of child psychology: (a) Concept of growth and development, principles of development, (b) methods of studying human development

Computer science: Unit 01

• Development of computers and types‐logical organization of digital computers‐memory‐main memory‐RAM and cache‐I/ O units‐secondary memory‐operating systems‐DOS commands‐windows 98and windows 2000 concepts
• Development of computers and types‐windows explorer‐working with files and folders‐running programs‐using recycle bin
• Microsoft office‐MS word basics‐headers, footers, tables‐graphics‐templates‐macros‐mail erge. Power point basics‐creating presentations‐menus‐tool bar‐opening a presentation‐creating new slide‐deleting a slide‐copying a slide
• Microsoft office‐slide numbering‐saving‐closing‐printing
• MS excel‐worksheets‐formatting‐functions‐charts‐graphical‐worksheets as databases‐linking
• Introduction to C‐data types‐flow of control‐functions‐storage classes‐arrays, pointers and strings
• Bitwise operators and enumeration types‐preprocessor‐structures and unions‐structures and list processing‐input/ output and operating systems

Computer science: Unit 02

• Fundamentals of object oriented programming-history and evolution of object oriented programming constants, variables and data types‐comparing Java with C++
• Java evolution-Java programming-constants, variables and data types‐class, objects and methods‐pointers and arrays‐binding data and functions‐functions and operator overloading
• Reusing classes‐managing errors and exceptions-virtual functions and polymorphism. Data structures-stacks‐queues‐binary trees‐graphs
• Modern DBMS
• Database management: Basic concepts and definitions‐file processing systems‐the range of database applications‐advantage of the database approach‐costs and risk of the database approach‐components of the database environment
• Data development process: Database development within information system development‐database development process‐three scheme architecture for database development‐three tiered database location architecture
• Modeling data in the organization: Modeling the rules of the organization‐the ER model entity‐relationship model constructs, relationships. Enhanced E.R. model and business
• Rules: Representing super types and subtypes‐specifying constraints in super type/ subtype relations
• Logical database design and the relational model: The relational data model‐integrity constraints‐Transforming EEK diagrams into relations‐introduction to normalization. The basic normal forms‐merging relations
• Advanced normal forms: Boyce‐Codd normal form‐Fourth normal form‐higher normal forms‐physical database design and performance-physical database design process‐designing folds‐designing physical records and denormalization
• Advanced normal forms: Designing physical files‐using and selecting indexes‐designing databases‐optimizing for query performance the SQL Environment defining a database in SQL‐inserting, updating and deleting data internal scheme definitions in RDBMS
• Advanced normal forms: Processing single tables
• Advanced SQL: Processing multiple tables‐ensuring transaction integrity‐data dictionary facilities‐SQL 99 enhancements and extension to SQL‐triggers and routines‐embedded SQL and dynamic SQL
• The client/ server database environment‐client/ server architecture‐three tier architecture‐partitioning‐application‐role of the mainframe using parallel computer architecture‐using middle wave establishing client/ server security
• The client/ server database environment‐client/ server issues data and database administration:the roles of data and database administration, modeling enterprise data‐planning for databases‐managing data security‐backing of databases
• The client/ server database environment‐controlling concurrent access‐managing data quality‐data dictionaries and repositories‐overview of turning the database for performance

Geography: Unit 01

• Interior of the earth
• Major relief features of the earth: Mountains, plateaus and plains
• Earthquakes and volcanoes
• Chief types of rocks and their characteristics
• Weathering and erosion
• Land forms of fluvial, glacial, arid, marine and karstorigin. Structure and composition of atmosphere
• Distribution of temperature: Vertical and horizontal, inversion of temperature
• Pressure belts and planetary wind system, monsoons and local winds
• Precipitation, types of rainfall
• Cyclones and anti-cyclones: Tropical and temperate cyclones

Geography: Unit 02

• Concept of resources, types of resources, conservation and management of resources
• Distribution, pattern and growth trends of population in the world
• Types of settlements-urban and rural, trends in urban growth
• Agriculture: Land use and special economic zones, Vonthunen theory, distribution of major forest types, major fishing grounds of the world
• Mineral and power resources in the world: Iron, bauxite, coal & petroleum
• Location and distribution of iron and steel and cotton textile industries in the world

Geography: Unit 03

• Location aspects, major physiographic regions, climate, drainage, soil types and natural vegetation
• Pattern and growth trends of population, urbanization
• Agriculture: Rice, wheat, cotton and jute, sugarcane, tea & coffee irrigation and power development
• Minerals: Iron, manganese, mica and coal
• Industries: Iron and steel, cotton textile, sugar and petroleum. Composition and pattern of international trade. Resource appraisal of Telangana, Rayalaseema and costal Andhra